CVE-2025-9786: Campcodes Learning System SQLi Vulnerability

CVE-2025-9786 Overview

A SQL injection vulnerability has been identified in Campcodes Online Learning Management System version 1.0. The vulnerability exists in the /teacher_signup.php file, where insufficient input validation allows attackers to manipulate the firstname argument to execute arbitrary SQL commands. This vulnerability can be exploited remotely without authentication, potentially allowing attackers to access, modify, or delete sensitive data within the application's database. Other parameters in the affected endpoint may also be vulnerable to similar injection attacks.

Critical Impact

Unauthenticated attackers can exploit this SQL injection vulnerability remotely to compromise database integrity, exfiltrate sensitive user data, and potentially gain unauthorized access to the learning management system.

Affected Products

• Campcodes Online Learning Management System 1.0

Discovery Timeline

• 2025-09-01 - CVE-2025-9786 published to NVD
• 2025-09-03 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-9786

Vulnerability Analysis

This SQL injection vulnerability (CWE-74: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component) occurs within the teacher registration functionality of the Online Learning Management System. The application fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input in the firstname parameter before incorporating it into SQL queries executed against the backend database.

The vulnerability is exploitable over the network without requiring any authentication or user interaction, making it accessible to remote attackers. When exploited, this flaw can lead to unauthorized data access, data manipulation, or complete database compromise. The public disclosure of this exploit increases the risk of active exploitation in the wild.

Root Cause

The root cause of this vulnerability is inadequate input validation and sanitization in the /teacher_signup.php endpoint. The application directly incorporates user-supplied data from the firstname parameter into SQL queries without proper parameterization or escaping. This classic injection vulnerability pattern allows specially crafted input to break out of the intended SQL query structure and execute attacker-controlled SQL commands.

Attack Vector

The attack is network-based and can be executed remotely against any accessible instance of the vulnerable application. An attacker can craft a malicious HTTP request to the /teacher_signup.php endpoint containing SQL injection payloads in the firstname parameter. The attack requires no authentication or special privileges, allowing any remote attacker to attempt exploitation.

The injection payload is processed by the vulnerable PHP script, which constructs an SQL query using the unsanitized input. This allows the attacker to manipulate the database query logic, potentially extracting sensitive information, modifying records, or executing administrative database operations.

Additional technical details and proof-of-concept information can be found in the GitHub Issue Discussion and VulDB #322102.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-9786

Indicators of Compromise

• Unusual or malformed HTTP POST requests to /teacher_signup.php containing SQL metacharacters in the firstname parameter
• Database error messages in application logs indicating syntax errors or unexpected query behavior
• Anomalous database queries containing UNION SELECT, OR 1=1, or other common SQL injection patterns
• Unexpected database access patterns or data exfiltration activity from the application database

Detection Strategies

• Deploy Web Application Firewall (WAF) rules to detect and block SQL injection patterns targeting the /teacher_signup.php endpoint
• Implement database activity monitoring to identify suspicious query patterns or unauthorized data access
• Configure application logging to capture all requests to the vulnerable endpoint with full parameter details
• Use intrusion detection systems (IDS) with SQL injection signature rules to monitor network traffic

Monitoring Recommendations

• Monitor web server access logs for requests to /teacher_signup.php containing suspicious characters such as single quotes, semicolons, or SQL keywords
• Set up alerts for database errors that may indicate attempted SQL injection attacks
• Implement real-time monitoring of database query performance to detect anomalous query execution times
• Review authentication and registration logs for suspicious account creation patterns

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-9786

Immediate Actions Required

• Restrict access to the /teacher_signup.php endpoint through network segmentation or access controls until a patch is available
• Deploy WAF rules specifically targeting SQL injection attacks on the affected parameter
• Consider disabling the teacher registration functionality temporarily if it is not business-critical
• Implement IP-based access restrictions to limit exposure of the vulnerable endpoint

Patch Information

No official vendor patch has been released at the time of this writing. Organizations using Campcodes Online Learning Management System should monitor the official Campcodes website for security updates and patch releases. Consider contacting the vendor directly to inquire about remediation timelines.

Workarounds

• Implement input validation at the application level using prepared statements or parameterized queries if source code modification is possible
• Deploy a reverse proxy or WAF configured to sanitize or reject requests containing SQL injection payloads
• Restrict network access to the application to trusted IP ranges only
• Disable or remove the teacher signup functionality until a proper fix is implemented

# Example WAF rule for ModSecurity to block SQL injection in firstname parameter
SecRule ARGS:firstname "@detectSQLi" \
    "id:100001,\
    phase:2,\
    deny,\
    status:403,\
    msg:'SQL Injection attempt detected in firstname parameter',\
    log,\
    auditlog"