CVE-2025-4364: Information Disclosure Vulnerability

CVE-2025-4364 Overview

CVE-2025-4364 is an information exposure vulnerability [CWE-497] affecting industrial control system (ICS) products covered under CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-140-11. An unauthenticated remote attacker can access system information that exposes sensitive files and administrative credentials. The flaw is reachable over the network without privileges or user interaction. Successful exploitation provides attackers with credentials that enable follow-on access to the affected systems.

Critical Impact

Unauthenticated network attackers can retrieve administrative credentials and sensitive system files, enabling full administrative compromise of affected ICS devices.

Affected Products

• Industrial control system products listed in CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-140-11
• Specific vendor and product details are published in the CISA advisory
• Refer to the advisory for affected versions and firmware levels

Discovery Timeline

• 2025-05-20 - CVE-2025-4364 published to the National Vulnerability Database
• 2026-04-15 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-4364

Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability is classified under [CWE-497]: Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere. The affected products expose system information through network-accessible interfaces without enforcing authentication. Attackers can query these interfaces to enumerate device state, configuration data, and file locations.

The exposed system information includes paths or contents that lead to sensitive files. Among the recoverable data are administrative credentials used to manage the device. Because the attack vector is the network and no privileges or user interaction are required, exploitation can be fully automated against exposed assets.

In industrial environments, credential disclosure on a controller or human-machine interface (HMI) is a stepping stone to operational technology (OT) disruption. Attackers can pivot from initial information disclosure to authenticated administrative access. From there, configuration changes, logic modifications, or lateral movement into adjacent ICS segments become possible.

Root Cause

The root cause is improper restriction of access to system information on network-exposed services. The affected products return diagnostic or configuration data to unauthenticated requests. Sensitive files containing administrative credentials are not isolated behind authentication boundaries.

Attack Vector

The attack vector is network-based and unauthenticated. An attacker with network reachability to the affected device sends crafted requests to information-disclosing endpoints. The response contains data that points to or directly includes credentials. The attacker then reuses those credentials to authenticate as an administrator.

No verified public proof-of-concept or exploit code is available at this time. Refer to CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-140-11 for vendor-specific technical detail.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-4364

Indicators of Compromise

• Unauthenticated HTTP, HTTPS, or proprietary protocol requests to ICS device management interfaces from unexpected source addresses
• Repeated access to diagnostic, configuration, or file-listing endpoints on ICS devices
• Administrative logins from new or unusual source addresses immediately following information disclosure traffic
• Outbound connections from ICS devices to external infrastructure after credential exposure

Detection Strategies

• Monitor north-south and east-west traffic to ICS management interfaces for anonymous information-retrieval requests
• Alert on administrative authentication events that follow reconnaissance traffic patterns within short time windows
• Baseline normal management traffic and flag deviations in source, frequency, or URI patterns
• Deploy network intrusion detection signatures aligned with CISA advisory indicators when published by the vendor

Monitoring Recommendations

• Centralize ICS device logs and network telemetry in a security data lake with OCSF normalization for cross-source correlation
• Track all administrative credential use on affected devices and correlate against authorized change windows
• Continuously inventory exposed ICS management ports and verify segmentation from corporate and internet zones

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-4364

Immediate Actions Required

• Apply the vendor patch or firmware update referenced in CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-140-11 as soon as it is available for your environment
• Rotate all administrative credentials on affected devices, assuming prior exposure
• Restrict network access to ICS management interfaces using firewalls, VLAN segmentation, and ACLs
• Audit recent administrative logins and configuration changes for unauthorized activity

Patch Information

Consult CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-140-11 for vendor-supplied patches, firmware versions, and remediation guidance. Apply updates following standard ICS change management procedures with appropriate testing.

Workarounds

• Place affected devices behind a properly configured firewall and isolate them from business networks
• Require VPN access with multi-factor authentication for any remote management of affected systems
• Disable unused services and management protocols on the device where supported by the vendor
• Implement allow-listing of management workstations permitted to communicate with affected devices

# Configuration example: restrict ICS management access at the perimeter
# Replace 10.10.20.0/24 with the authorized management subnet
# Replace 192.0.2.10 with the affected device address
iptables -A FORWARD -s 10.10.20.0/24 -d 192.0.2.10 -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A FORWARD -d 192.0.2.10 -j DROP