CVE-2025-4364: Information Disclosure Vulnerability

CVE-2025-4364 Overview

CVE-2025-4364 is an information disclosure vulnerability affecting industrial control system (ICS) products covered under CISA advisory ICSA-25-140-11. The flaw allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to access sensitive system information across the network. Exposed data can be used to reach sensitive files and recover administrative credentials. The weakness maps to [CWE-497]: Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere. With network reach, no authentication, and no user interaction required, the vulnerability provides a foothold for follow-on compromise of operational technology environments.

Critical Impact
Unauthenticated network attackers can retrieve system information that exposes sensitive files and administrative credentials, enabling full takeover of the affected device.

Affected Products

Products listed in CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-140-11
Specific vendor and product identifiers: Not Available in NVD record
Affected versions: Refer to the CISA advisory for the authoritative list

Discovery Timeline

2025-05-20 - CVE-2025-4364 published to the National Vulnerability Database
2026-04-15 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-4364

Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability is an information disclosure issue classified under [CWE-497]. The affected products return sensitive system information to unauthenticated requests over the network. This information includes references or content that lead to sensitive files and administrative credentials. An attacker who collects this data can authenticate as a privileged user, read protected configuration, and pivot deeper into the control network.

The attack requires only network access to the device. No prior authentication, no user interaction, and no specialized conditions are needed. This makes the issue suitable for opportunistic scanning across exposed ICS assets, including those reachable through poorly segmented enterprise networks or accidental internet exposure.

Successful exploitation breaks the confidentiality of the device. While the published scoring does not indicate direct integrity or availability impact, the leaked administrative credentials give the attacker the keys needed to perform privileged actions in a follow-on step. In ICS environments, this can translate into manipulation of process logic or denial of safe operation.

Root Cause

The root cause is improper restriction of system information made available to unauthenticated callers. Diagnostic, status, or configuration interfaces return content that should be limited to authenticated administrators. The data set returned includes paths or values that disclose administrative credentials.

Attack Vector

The attack vector is network based. An attacker sends crafted requests to an exposed service on the target device and parses the response for credential material. No authentication handshake is required before the sensitive information is returned. Technical specifics for the affected interfaces are described in the CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-140-11.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-4364

Indicators of Compromise

Unauthenticated HTTP, HTTPS, or proprietary protocol requests to diagnostic or status endpoints on ICS devices from unexpected source addresses
Successful logins using administrative accounts from hosts that have never administered the device before
Outbound transfer of configuration or credential files shortly after anonymous information requests

Detection Strategies

Inspect device and network logs for repeated anonymous queries against management or diagnostic interfaces
Correlate information-disclosure style requests with subsequent authenticated administrative sessions from the same source
Alert on cleartext credential patterns appearing in network captures originating from ICS device responses

Monitoring Recommendations

Enable verbose access logging on all ICS device management interfaces and forward logs to a central analytics platform
Baseline normal engineering workstation IP ranges and flag any management traffic outside that baseline
Monitor north-south traffic between the enterprise and OT networks for protocols that should remain inside the control zone

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-4364

Immediate Actions Required

Identify affected assets by cross-referencing inventory with the product list in CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-140-11
Remove any direct exposure of affected devices to the internet and restrict management access to a dedicated engineering VLAN
Rotate all administrative credentials on affected devices after applying network restrictions
Apply vendor-supplied firmware updates as soon as they are available

Patch Information

Vendor patch references are not present in the NVD record. Refer to the CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-140-11 for vendor mitigation guidance and firmware availability. Apply firmware updates through the vendor-prescribed maintenance window for ICS equipment.

Workarounds

Place affected devices behind a firewall and allow management traffic only from designated engineering workstations
Disable any unauthenticated diagnostic or status interfaces if the device configuration permits
Require VPN access for any remote administration and enforce multi-factor authentication on the VPN gateway
Segment OT networks from IT networks following the Purdue model and CISA defense-in-depth recommendations

bash

# Example firewall restriction limiting management access to an engineering subnet
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 10.20.30.0/24 --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j DROP