CVE-2025-15540: Raytha CMS RCE Vulnerability

CVE-2025-15540 Overview

A code injection vulnerability exists in the "Functions" module of Raytha CMS that allows privileged users to execute arbitrary code within the application's hosting environment. The vulnerability arises from the ability to write custom JavaScript code through Raytha's "functions" feature, which lacks proper sandboxing or access restrictions. This enables malicious actors to instantiate .NET components and perform arbitrary operations, potentially leading to full system compromise.

Critical Impact

Privileged users can leverage the unsandboxed Functions module to instantiate .NET components and execute arbitrary code within the hosting environment, potentially compromising the entire application infrastructure.

Affected Products

• Raytha CMS (all versions prior to 1.4.6)

Discovery Timeline

• 2026-03-16 - CVE-2025-15540 published to NVD
• 2026-03-17 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-15540

Vulnerability Analysis

This vulnerability is classified as CWE-94 (Improper Control of Generation of Code / Code Injection). The core issue stems from Raytha CMS's "Functions" module, which was designed to allow privileged users to extend application functionality through custom JavaScript code. However, the implementation lacks critical security controls that would normally isolate user-supplied code from the underlying system.

The absence of sandboxing means that JavaScript code executed through this feature has unrestricted access to the .NET runtime environment. This architectural flaw transforms what should be a controlled extensibility mechanism into a direct pathway for arbitrary code execution on the server.

Root Cause

The root cause of this vulnerability is the lack of sandboxing or access restrictions in the Functions module's code execution environment. When custom JavaScript code is executed through Raytha's functions feature, it runs with full access to the .NET runtime, allowing instantiation of arbitrary .NET components. This design oversight means there are no boundaries preventing user-supplied code from accessing sensitive system resources or executing privileged operations.

Attack Vector

The attack requires network access and elevated privileges (administrative or similar) within the Raytha CMS application. An attacker who has obtained or been granted such privileges can navigate to the Functions module and inject malicious JavaScript code. This code can then leverage the .NET interoperability to:

1. Instantiate arbitrary .NET classes and invoke their methods
2. Access the file system to read, modify, or delete files
3. Execute system commands through process invocation
4. Access network resources from the server
5. Potentially pivot to other systems within the network

The vulnerability mechanism involves the JavaScript engine's ability to bridge into the .NET runtime without restrictions. When a privileged user submits code through the Functions interface, it is executed in an environment where calls to .NET components are not filtered or sandboxed. This allows the construction of payloads that leverage standard .NET libraries for system-level operations.

For technical details on similar code injection vulnerabilities in CMS platforms, refer to the CERT disclosure and the Raytha security documentation.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-15540

Indicators of Compromise

• Unexpected or unauthorized Functions module entries containing suspicious code patterns
• Log entries showing .NET component instantiation from JavaScript execution contexts
• Unusual process spawning or file system operations originating from the Raytha CMS application
• Network connections initiated by the web application to unexpected destinations

Detection Strategies

• Monitor audit logs for access to the Functions module by users, especially newly created or recently modified accounts
• Implement code review processes for any custom functions before deployment
• Deploy application-level monitoring to detect .NET reflection or dynamic assembly loading triggered by the web application
• Use endpoint detection solutions to identify anomalous process creation chains originating from the Raytha CMS process

Monitoring Recommendations

• Enable verbose logging for the Functions module to capture all code submissions and executions
• Implement real-time alerting for any Functions module modifications in production environments
• Monitor server resource utilization for anomalies that may indicate malicious code execution
• Review privileged user accounts regularly and implement the principle of least privilege

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-15540

Immediate Actions Required

• Upgrade Raytha CMS to version 1.4.6 or later immediately
• Audit all existing Functions module entries for suspicious or unauthorized code
• Review and restrict the list of users with privileges to access the Functions module
• Implement network segmentation to limit the impact of potential code execution

Patch Information

This vulnerability was fixed in Raytha CMS version 1.4.6. Organizations running affected versions should upgrade to this version or later as soon as possible. The patch addresses the sandboxing deficiency by implementing proper access restrictions on the code execution environment within the Functions module.

For official information, visit the Raytha website.

Workarounds

• Disable the Functions module entirely if custom code functionality is not required
• Restrict access to the Functions module to only essential administrator accounts
• Implement additional authentication requirements (such as MFA) for accounts with Functions module access
• Deploy web application firewall rules to detect and block suspicious code patterns in module submissions

# Example: Restricting Functions module access via configuration
# Consult Raytha documentation for your specific deployment method

# If using environment variables, consider disabling the feature:
# RAYTHA_FUNCTIONS_ENABLED=false

# Alternatively, limit access through role-based access control
# Review and audit all users with administrative privileges