CVE-2025-64124: Nuvation Energy MSC RCE Vulnerability

CVE-2025-64124 Overview

CVE-2025-64124 is an OS Command Injection vulnerability affecting Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller (MSC) devices. The vulnerability stems from improper neutralization of special elements used in OS commands, allowing authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary operating system commands on affected devices. This vulnerability is classified under CWE-78 (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command).

The Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller is used in industrial energy storage and battery management systems, making this vulnerability particularly concerning for critical infrastructure environments. Successful exploitation could allow attackers to gain complete control over affected controllers, potentially disrupting energy management operations.

Critical Impact

Authenticated attackers can execute arbitrary OS commands on Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controllers, potentially compromising critical energy infrastructure systems and gaining full control of affected devices.

Affected Products

• Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller (MSC) versions before 2.5.1

Discovery Timeline

• January 3, 2026 - CVE-2025-64124 published to NVD
• January 8, 2026 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-64124

Vulnerability Analysis

This OS Command Injection vulnerability exists in the Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller due to insufficient input validation and sanitization. The vulnerability allows authenticated users with low privileges to inject malicious commands that are executed by the underlying operating system with elevated privileges.

The attack is network-accessible, requiring no user interaction beyond initial authentication. The low attack complexity combined with the high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability makes this a significant threat to organizations using affected MSC devices in their energy infrastructure.

Industrial control systems like the Multi-Stack Controller often operate in environments where security updates are difficult to apply quickly, increasing the window of exposure for this type of vulnerability.

Root Cause

The root cause is improper neutralization of special elements in user-supplied input before it is passed to OS command execution functions. The application fails to properly sanitize or escape special characters and command separators (such as ;, |, &, or backticks) that could allow an attacker to break out of the intended command context and execute arbitrary commands.

Attack Vector

The vulnerability is exploitable over the network by authenticated users. An attacker with valid credentials can craft malicious input containing OS command injection payloads. When this input is processed by the Multi-Stack Controller, the injected commands are executed on the underlying operating system.

Typical command injection techniques involve appending command separators followed by malicious commands to legitimate input fields. For example, an attacker might append ; cat /etc/passwd or | whoami to a parameter that is subsequently passed to a system shell. The vulnerability requires only low-privilege authentication, meaning standard user accounts could be leveraged for exploitation.

For detailed technical information, refer to the Dragos Security Advisory.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-64124

Indicators of Compromise

• Unusual command execution patterns or unexpected processes spawned by the MSC application
• Network traffic containing command injection payloads targeting MSC endpoints
• Log entries showing malformed or suspicious input containing shell metacharacters
• Unexpected outbound connections from MSC devices to external systems

Detection Strategies

• Monitor HTTP/HTTPS traffic to MSC devices for command injection patterns including shell metacharacters (;, |, &, backticks, $())
• Implement application-layer firewall rules to detect and block common OS command injection payloads
• Deploy network intrusion detection signatures specifically targeting command injection attempts against industrial control systems
• Analyze MSC application logs for anomalous input patterns or error messages indicating injection attempts

Monitoring Recommendations

• Enable comprehensive logging on all Multi-Stack Controller devices and forward logs to a centralized SIEM solution
• Implement network segmentation monitoring to detect any lateral movement from compromised MSC devices
• Establish baseline behavior for MSC devices and alert on deviations, particularly unexpected process execution or network connections
• Monitor for privilege escalation attempts or unauthorized access to sensitive system files on MSC devices

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-64124

Immediate Actions Required

• Upgrade all Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller devices to version 2.5.1 or later immediately
• Implement network segmentation to isolate MSC devices from untrusted networks and limit exposure
• Review and restrict user accounts with access to MSC devices, applying principle of least privilege
• Enable comprehensive logging and monitoring on all affected devices pending patch deployment

Patch Information

Nuvation Energy has addressed this vulnerability in Multi-Stack Controller version 2.5.1. Organizations should prioritize updating to this version or later to remediate the OS command injection vulnerability. Contact Nuvation Energy support for firmware update procedures and verification guidance.

For additional technical details, consult the Dragos Security Advisory.

Workarounds

• Implement strict network access controls limiting connectivity to MSC devices to authorized management stations only
• Deploy a web application firewall (WAF) or reverse proxy with command injection filtering capabilities in front of MSC web interfaces
• Disable or restrict unnecessary features and services on MSC devices to reduce attack surface
• Use VPN or other secure tunneling mechanisms for all remote access to MSC devices

# Network segmentation example - restrict MSC access to management VLAN only
# Example iptables rules for firewall protecting MSC devices
iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.10.0/24 -d 192.168.50.0/24 -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -d 192.168.50.0/24 -p tcp --dport 443 -j DROP