CVE-2025-21664: Linux Kernel Race Condition Vulnerability

CVE-2025-21664 Overview

CVE-2025-21664 is a race condition vulnerability in the Linux kernel's device-mapper thin provisioning (dm-thin) subsystem. The flaw resides in the get_first_thin() function, which uses a non-RCU-safe sequence of list_empty() followed by list_first() on the active_thins list. Each call performs its own READ_ONCE() of the list head, allowing the list state to change between the two operations. When the last thin_c entry is removed by thin_dtr at the wrong moment, dereferencing the resulting list head produces an invalid thin_c pointer and triggers a general protection fault in process_deferred_bios. Local attackers with low privileges can trigger this condition to crash the kernel.

Critical Impact
A local user with permissions to create and destroy thin-provisioned devices can trigger a kernel general protection fault, resulting in system denial of service.

Affected Products

Linux Kernel versions starting at 3.15
Linux Kernel 6.13 release candidates (rc1 through rc6)
Distributions tracking stable kernel branches, including Debian LTS and Siemens products referenced in SSA-265688

Discovery Timeline

2025-01-21 - CVE-2025-21664 published to NVD
2026-05-12 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-21664

Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability is a kernel race condition [CWE-362-class] in the dm-thin target. The get_first_thin() helper iterates the active_thins RCU-protected list to acquire a reference on the first thin device for deferred bio processing. The original implementation performed list_empty() and then list_first_entry() as two independent reads of the list head. Between the two reads, a concurrent thin_dtr (destructor) running on another CPU can remove the last entry from active_thins, leaving the list pointing to itself.

When this race wins, get_first_thin() observes a non-empty list and then dereferences a pointer that no longer references a valid thin_c structure. Instead, it interprets bytes inside the parent struct pool as a thin_c, producing corrupted reference counts and out-of-bounds memory access. Observed symptoms in production crash dumps included refcount_t saturation warnings, a UBSAN out-of-bounds report against the queued spinlock cpuid access, and a final general protection fault.

Root Cause

The root cause is incorrect use of RCU list primitives. The rculist.h documentation explicitly warns against composing list_empty() with list_first() because each performs its own READ_ONCE() of the list head, producing torn views of the list state under concurrent modification.

Attack Vector

Exploitation requires local access with privileges to create, suspend, and destroy thin-provisioned dm-thin devices. An attacker triggers concurrent thin_dtr operations against the active thins list while deferred bio processing is in flight. The resulting kernel fault halts the affected system. The attack vector is local and the impact is limited to availability.

The vulnerability is described in prose because no exploit code is required to trigger the underlying race; repeated create/destroy cycles against thin volumes under I/O load are sufficient. See the kernel commit log for the upstream fix.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-21664

Indicators of Compromise

Kernel oops or general protection fault entries in dmesg referencing process_deferred_bios or get_first_thin in the call trace
refcount_t: saturated warnings emitted from the dm-thin code path
UBSAN reports of out-of-bounds cpuid access inside queued spinlock routines preceding a crash

Detection Strategies

Monitor host crash dumps and kdump artifacts for stack traces involving dm-thin, thin_dtr, and synchronize_rcu
Correlate kernel panic events with concurrent device-mapper administrative activity such as dmsetup remove or LVM thin pool teardown
Track running kernel versions across the fleet and flag hosts on vulnerable stable branches still using thin provisioning

Monitoring Recommendations

Forward /var/log/kern.log and journalctl -k output to a centralized log platform for alerting on BUG:, Oops:, and WARNING: events tied to dm-thin
Alert on unexpected reboots of hosts running thin-provisioned LVM volumes or container storage backends that rely on dm-thin
Audit which workloads use dm-thin and prioritize patching on storage-heavy nodes

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-21664

Immediate Actions Required

Apply the stable kernel update that switches get_first_thin() to list_first_or_null_rcu() from your distribution vendor
Inventory hosts running kernels 3.15 through the 6.13 release candidates and prioritize those using dm-thin thin provisioning
Restrict access to device-mapper administrative interfaces so only trusted operators can create or destroy thin devices

Patch Information

Upstream fixes are tracked in multiple stable branches. The patch replaces the racy list_empty() + list_first() sequence with a single list_first_or_null_rcu() call. Reference commits include 12771050b6d0, 6b305e98de0d, 802666a40c71, 80f130bfad1d, cbd0d5ecfa39, cd30a3960433, and ec037fe8c0d0. Distribution updates are available via the Debian LTS announcement and Siemens advisory SSA-265688.

Workarounds

Avoid concurrent destruction of thin devices while deferred bio processing is active on heavily loaded thin pools
Where feasible, migrate critical workloads off dm-thin to alternative storage backends until patches are deployed
Limit local shell and root-equivalent access on systems that cannot be patched immediately to reduce exposure

bash

# Verify the running kernel version and check for the dm-thin module
uname -r
lsmod | grep dm_thin_pool

# After patching, reboot and confirm the new kernel is active
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install --only-upgrade linux-image-$(uname -r | sed 's/.*-//')
sudo reboot