CVE-2025-1536 Overview
A critical OS command injection vulnerability has been identified in Raisecom Multi-Service Intelligent Gateway devices with firmware versions up to 20250208. The vulnerability exists in the Request Parameter Handler component, specifically within the /vpn/vpn_template_style.php file. Improper handling of the stylenum parameter allows remote attackers to inject and execute arbitrary operating system commands on the affected device without authentication.
Critical Impact
Remote unauthenticated attackers can execute arbitrary OS commands on vulnerable Raisecom gateway devices, potentially leading to complete device compromise, network infiltration, and data exfiltration.
Affected Products
- Raisecom Multi-Service Intelligent Gateway firmware versions up to 20250208
- Devices with exposed /vpn/vpn_template_style.php endpoint
Discovery Timeline
- 2025-02-21 - CVE-2025-1536 published to NVD
- 2026-04-15 - Last updated in NVD database
Technical Details for CVE-2025-1536
Vulnerability Analysis
This vulnerability is classified as CWE-77 (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command). The affected component fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input in the stylenum parameter before passing it to OS command execution functions. This allows attackers to break out of the intended command context and inject malicious commands that execute with the privileges of the web server process.
The vulnerability is particularly dangerous because it requires no authentication and can be exploited remotely over the network. An attacker can craft malicious HTTP requests targeting the /vpn/vpn_template_style.php endpoint with specially crafted stylenum parameter values containing command injection payloads.
Root Cause
The root cause of this vulnerability is insufficient input validation and sanitization in the Request Parameter Handler. The stylenum parameter value is incorporated into an OS command without proper escaping or filtering of shell metacharacters. This allows attackers to use common command injection techniques such as command chaining operators (;, &&, ||) or command substitution syntax to execute arbitrary commands.
Attack Vector
The attack can be initiated remotely over the network without requiring any authentication or user interaction. An attacker needs only network access to the vulnerable endpoint to exploit this vulnerability. The exploitation process involves:
- Identifying a vulnerable Raisecom Multi-Service Intelligent Gateway device
- Crafting a malicious HTTP request to /vpn/vpn_template_style.php
- Injecting OS commands through the stylenum parameter
- The injected commands execute on the target system with web server privileges
The exploit has been publicly disclosed and documented in the GitHub CVE Documentation. The vendor was contacted about this disclosure but did not respond.
Detection Methods for CVE-2025-1536
Indicators of Compromise
- Unusual HTTP requests to /vpn/vpn_template_style.php containing shell metacharacters in the stylenum parameter
- Unexpected process spawning from the web server process on Raisecom gateway devices
- Outbound network connections from gateway devices to unknown external hosts
- Presence of reverse shell connections or unauthorized remote access tools
Detection Strategies
- Deploy web application firewall (WAF) rules to detect command injection patterns in HTTP parameters
- Monitor HTTP access logs for requests containing shell metacharacters (|, ;, &, $, backticks) in query parameters
- Implement network intrusion detection signatures for traffic to /vpn/vpn_template_style.php with suspicious payloads
- Use behavioral analysis to detect anomalous process execution patterns on gateway devices
Monitoring Recommendations
- Enable verbose logging on Raisecom gateway devices to capture all HTTP requests to sensitive endpoints
- Implement real-time alerting for any access attempts to /vpn/vpn_template_style.php from external networks
- Monitor for DNS queries or network connections to known malicious infrastructure from gateway devices
- Review authentication logs for any evidence of unauthorized access following exploitation
How to Mitigate CVE-2025-1536
Immediate Actions Required
- Restrict network access to the management interface of affected Raisecom devices using firewall rules
- Block external access to the /vpn/vpn_template_style.php endpoint immediately
- Place affected devices behind a properly configured WAF with command injection protection
- Audit affected devices for signs of compromise and unauthorized access
Patch Information
At the time of disclosure, the vendor (Raisecom) was contacted but did not respond. No official security patch is currently available. Organizations should monitor vendor announcements for security updates and apply patches immediately when released.
For the latest information, refer to:
Workarounds
- Implement network segmentation to isolate affected gateway devices from untrusted networks
- Configure access control lists (ACLs) to restrict management interface access to trusted IP addresses only
- Deploy a reverse proxy with input validation to filter malicious requests before they reach the device
- Consider replacing affected devices with alternatives from vendors with better security response practices
# Example firewall rule to restrict access to vulnerable endpoint
# Block external access to the vulnerable PHP file
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m string --string "/vpn/vpn_template_style.php" --algo bm -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -m string --string "/vpn/vpn_template_style.php" --algo bm -j DROP
# Alternative: Restrict management interface to trusted subnet only
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP
Disclaimer: This content was generated using AI. While we strive for accuracy, please verify critical information with official sources.
