CVE-2025-13809: Orionsec Orion-ops SSRF Vulnerability

CVE-2025-13809 Overview

A Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability has been identified in orionsec orion-ops up to commit 5925824997a3109651bbde07460958a7be249ed1. The vulnerability exists in the SSH Connection Handler component, specifically within the file orion-ops-api/orion-ops-web/src/main/java/cn/orionsec/ops/controller/MachineInfoController.java. Manipulation of the host, sshPort, username, password, and authType arguments allows an authenticated attacker to perform server-side request forgery attacks remotely.

Critical Impact

This SSRF vulnerability enables authenticated attackers to forge requests from the server, potentially accessing internal services, bypassing network security controls, and exfiltrating sensitive data from protected internal resources.

Affected Products

• orionsec orion-ops (up to commit 5925824997a3109651bbde07460958a7be249ed1)

Discovery Timeline

• 2025-12-01 - CVE-2025-13809 published to NVD
• 2025-12-04 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-13809

Vulnerability Analysis

CVE-2025-13809 is classified as a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability with a CVSS 4.0 score of 5.3 (Medium severity). The vulnerability is tracked under CWE-918 (Server-Side Request Forgery).

The CVSS vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X indicates:

• Attack Vector: Network - The vulnerability can be exploited remotely
• Attack Complexity: Low - No special conditions are required
• Privileges Required: Low - Authentication is required to exploit
• User Interaction: None - No user action needed beyond the attacker's request

The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be actively used in attacks. According to EPSS data, there is a 0.034% probability of exploitation in the wild, placing it in the 9.548th percentile.

Root Cause

The root cause of this vulnerability lies in insufficient input validation and sanitization within the MachineInfoController.java file. The SSH Connection Handler component fails to properly validate user-supplied input for the host, sshPort, username, password, and authType parameters before initiating server-side network connections.

When processing SSH connection requests, the application directly uses user-controlled values to establish connections without verifying that the target hosts are legitimate and authorized destinations. This allows attackers to redirect these connection attempts to arbitrary internal or external hosts.

Attack Vector

The attack vector leverages the SSH connection functionality within the orion-ops web interface. An authenticated attacker can manipulate the connection parameters to:

1. Internal Network Scanning: Probe internal network services that would otherwise be inaccessible from external networks
2. Access Internal Services: Connect to internal services such as databases, caches, or administrative interfaces
3. Data Exfiltration: Extract sensitive information from internal resources
4. Bypass Security Controls: Circumvent firewall rules and access control lists by using the server as a proxy

The vulnerability exists in the MachineInfoController.java SSH Connection Handler, where the application accepts connection parameters without proper validation. An attacker can supply arbitrary values for the host parameter to target internal IP addresses (e.g., 127.0.0.1, 192.168.x.x, 10.x.x.x) or internal hostnames, causing the server to initiate connections to these targets on behalf of the attacker.

For detailed technical analysis and proof-of-concept information, refer to the security advisory on GitHub.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-13809

Indicators of Compromise

• Unusual SSH connection attempts from the orion-ops server to internal IP ranges (127.0.0.0/8, 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16)
• Unexpected outbound connections from the application server to cloud metadata endpoints (169.254.169.254)
• Anomalous network traffic patterns originating from the MachineInfoController endpoint
• Logs showing SSH connection attempts to non-standard ports or unauthorized hosts
• Multiple failed or unusual authentication requests to the SSH Connection Handler

Detection Strategies

Organizations should implement the following detection strategies:

1. Network Monitoring: Deploy network monitoring solutions to detect unusual outbound connections from the orion-ops server, particularly to internal network ranges or sensitive endpoints like cloud metadata services.

2. Application Logging: Enable detailed logging for the MachineInfoController component to capture all SSH connection requests, including the host, sshPort, and other parameters.

3. Web Application Firewall (WAF): Configure WAF rules to detect and block requests containing internal IP addresses or hostnames in connection parameters.

4. Behavioral Analysis: Use behavioral analysis tools to baseline normal SSH connection patterns and alert on deviations.

Monitoring Recommendations

• Implement egress filtering to restrict outbound connections from the application server
• Monitor DNS queries from the application server for suspicious internal hostname lookups
• Configure alerts for connection attempts to RFC1918 private address ranges
• Enable audit logging for all API endpoints related to machine management
• Deploy SentinelOne Singularity Platform for real-time endpoint detection and response capabilities, which can identify anomalous network behavior indicative of SSRF exploitation

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-13809

Immediate Actions Required

• Review and audit all SSH connection requests processed by the orion-ops application
• Implement strict input validation for the host, sshPort, username, password, and authType parameters
• Deploy network segmentation to limit the application server's access to internal resources
• Block outbound connections from the application server to sensitive internal services
• Monitor for exploitation attempts using the detection strategies outlined above

Patch Information

The vendor (orionsec) was contacted regarding this vulnerability but did not respond. A patch should be applied to remediate this issue once available. Organizations should monitor the official orionsec orion-ops repository for security updates.

In the absence of an official patch, organizations should consider:

• Implementing a custom patch through input validation middleware
• Using a reverse proxy with strict request filtering
• Restricting access to the affected MachineInfoController endpoint

Workarounds

Until an official patch is released, implement the following workarounds:

1. Input Validation: Add application-layer validation to reject requests containing internal IP addresses, localhost references, or cloud metadata endpoints in connection parameters.

2. Network Restrictions: Configure firewall rules to block the application server from connecting to internal network ranges.

3. Access Control: Limit access to the SSH Connection Handler functionality to trusted administrators only.

# Example iptables rules to restrict outbound connections from the application server
# Block connections to internal network ranges
iptables -A OUTPUT -d 127.0.0.0/8 -m owner --uid-owner app_user -j DROP
iptables -A OUTPUT -d 10.0.0.0/8 -m owner --uid-owner app_user -j DROP
iptables -A OUTPUT -d 172.16.0.0/12 -m owner --uid-owner app_user -j DROP
iptables -A OUTPUT -d 192.168.0.0/16 -m owner --uid-owner app_user -j DROP
iptables -A OUTPUT -d 169.254.169.254/32 -m owner --uid-owner app_user -j DROP