CVE-2025-1947: Hzmanyun Education System RCE Vulnerability

CVE-2025-1947 Overview

A command injection vulnerability has been discovered in hzmanyun Education and Training System version 2.1.3. This vulnerability affects the scorm function within the UploadImageController.java file, where improper handling of the param argument allows attackers to inject and execute arbitrary system commands. The vulnerability can be exploited remotely by authenticated users, potentially leading to complete system compromise.

Critical Impact

Remote attackers with low privileges can execute arbitrary system commands on the affected server through command injection, potentially compromising the entire education and training platform and any connected systems.

Affected Products

• hzmanyun Education and Training System version 2.1.3
• Systems running the vulnerable UploadImageController.java component
• Educational platforms utilizing the affected SCORM upload functionality

Discovery Timeline

• 2025-03-04 - CVE-2025-1947 published to NVD
• 2026-01-29 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-1947

Vulnerability Analysis

This vulnerability stems from a command injection flaw (CWE-77) with underlying injection weakness (CWE-74) in the hzmanyun Education and Training System. The vulnerable code resides in UploadImageController.java, specifically within the scorm function that processes user-supplied input through the param argument.

The attack can be initiated remotely over the network without requiring complex attack conditions. While the attacker needs low-level privileges to exploit the vulnerability, no user interaction is required. Successful exploitation affects the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the target system, though the impact is contained to the vulnerable component without affecting other connected systems.

The vulnerability has been publicly disclosed, with exploit information made available through security research channels, increasing the risk of active exploitation.

Root Cause

The root cause of this vulnerability is insufficient input validation and sanitization in the scorm function of UploadImageController.java. When processing the param argument, the application fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input before passing it to system command execution functions. This allows specially crafted input containing shell metacharacters or command separators to break out of the intended context and execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system.

Attack Vector

The attack vector is network-based, allowing remote exploitation. An attacker with valid credentials (even low-privilege access) can craft malicious requests to the vulnerable SCORM upload endpoint. By manipulating the param argument with command injection payloads, the attacker can execute arbitrary operating system commands with the privileges of the web application process.

Typical attack patterns include:

• Injecting command separators (;, &&, ||) followed by malicious commands
• Using backtick or $() substitution to embed command execution
• Leveraging the file upload context to chain file operations with command execution

The vulnerability is particularly dangerous in educational environments where multiple users may have legitimate access to the system, expanding the potential attack surface.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-1947

Indicators of Compromise

• Unusual HTTP requests to SCORM upload endpoints containing shell metacharacters (;, |, &&, $(), backticks)
• Web server logs showing attempts to access /UploadImageController with suspicious param values
• Unexpected child processes spawned by the Java application server
• Outbound network connections from the web application to unexpected destinations

Detection Strategies

• Implement web application firewall (WAF) rules to detect and block command injection patterns in request parameters
• Monitor application logs for requests containing common command injection payloads targeting the scorm function
• Deploy endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions to identify anomalous process execution from Java processes
• Establish baseline behavior for the application server and alert on deviations

Monitoring Recommendations

• Enable verbose logging for all SCORM-related upload operations in the Education and Training System
• Configure SIEM rules to correlate web request patterns with system command execution events
• Monitor for reconnaissance activities such as whoami, id, or uname commands executed through the web application context

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-1947

Immediate Actions Required

• Restrict network access to the vulnerable SCORM upload functionality until patching is complete
• Review and revoke unnecessary user accounts with access to the upload functionality
• Implement additional input validation at the network perimeter using WAF rules
• Monitor affected systems for signs of compromise using the detection strategies outlined above

Patch Information

Organizations should consult the vendor advisory and security report for official patch information. The vulnerability details have been documented in the GitHub Security Report. Additional technical information is available through VulDB.

Contact hzmanyun directly for the latest security updates and patches for the Education and Training System.

Workarounds

• Disable or restrict access to the SCORM upload functionality if not essential for operations
• Implement strict input validation on the param argument, allowing only whitelisted characters
• Deploy a reverse proxy with request filtering capabilities in front of the application
• Run the application with minimal system privileges to limit the impact of successful exploitation

# Example: Restrict access to vulnerable endpoint via web server configuration (Apache)
<Location "/upload/scorm">
    Order deny,allow
    Deny from all
    # Allow only trusted internal networks
    Allow from 10.0.0.0/8
    Allow from 192.168.0.0/16
</Location>