Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Security Checklist for 2025

Build a strong security foundation for Google Cloud Platform services. Use our Google Security Checklist action items to improve your safety measures and combat threats today.

Google Cloud Platform (GCP) follows a shared responsibility model for securing cloud infrastructure components between the provider and the client. While GCP secures the cloud, the responsibility of securing anything that you build or configure on it rests on you. From content, access policies, usage, deployment, and web application security to identity, operations, access and authentication, network security, and guest OS, data, and content – the more ownership of the cloud you take, the more you need to secure.

Moreover, GCP does have complex cloud structures, involving multiple services, configurations, and access points. This complexity can create data exposure and unauthorized access gaps. To stay on top of all your security goals, you need a checklist.

With a Google Cloud Platform (GCP) security checklist, you can implement necessary security measures such as encryption, identity and access management (IAM), firewall settings and compliance requirements (GDPR, HIPAA, and more). This checklist will also help you consistently apply security protocols and monitor the environment for vulnerabilities.

In the following sections, we help you create and implement the ultimate Google security checklist to avoid security oversights, minimize the risk of breaches and improve your organization’s security posture.

GCP Cloud Security Overview

As a part of shared responsibility, GCP offers collective security measures – features, tools, and best practices for Google Cloud platform security – to protect its infrastructure, services, data, and applications from various threats. Think of it as a multi-layered defense system that addresses the physical security of the data centers and provides virtual protection for cloud resources. From virtual machines, networks, and applications, it ensures complete security coverage to all cloud components.

Now, GCP’s security architecture is built on several elements, the fundamental one being identity and access management (IAM). It controls who has access to what through:

• Role-based access control (RBAC) – uses the “least privilege” model to assign roles to users based on requirements to reduce accidental or intentional misuse of sensitive data or services.
• Multi-factor authentication (MFA) – An extra layer of security that requires more than just a password for access, making it harder to breach accounts.

Then there is encryption: whether the data is stored or moved, GCP encrypts it by default. For highly sensitive data that requires greater control, GCP also offers Customer-Managed Encryption Keys (CMEK). This allows you to create and use your own encryption keys, minimizing your reliance on Google’s security.

For surveillance, GCP employs Security Monitoring and logging functions through tools like Cloud Security Command Center (SCC) and Cloud Audit Logs. While the latter tracks and records every activity on the platform for accountability and anomaly detection, SCC takes security monitoring one step further. It actively detects threats and quickly remediates them by monitoring assets, vulnerabilities, and potential threats in real time.

Another fundamental aspect of GCP’s security design is network security. It includes:

• Virtual private cloud or VPC – allows you to create isolated networks with GCP, control traffic with firewalls, and set up cloud armor against distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks.
• Identity-aware proxy or IAP – allows only authenticated users to access public and private applications.

To avoid inadvertent or malicious exposure of important data, GCP also offers a Data Loss Prevention (DLP) tool. It can detect and protect personally identifiable information (PII) through scanning, classifying, and redacting sensitive information from various datasets.

Within its all-encompassing security architecture, GCP also offers compliance with GDPR, HIPAA, SOC 2, and other international and industry-specific standards and regulations.

Even though GCP provides these measures to secure infrastructure, you are accountable for securing data, applications, configurations, and access controls. To ensure that you keep your end of the shared responsibility bargain, you need a Google security checklist that ensures all security measures have been implemented.

Essential Google Cloud Security Checklists

While GCP offers a wide array of security features and tools, the complexity of cloud environments demands precision. Multiple services of the complicated cloud ecosystem interact simultaneously, which could lead to vulnerabilities creeping in – something that you can avoid with a detailed Google security checklist.

1. Micromanage Access Control:

• Implement the principle of least privilege to ensure users and services have only the necessary permissions to perform their job.
• Opt for custom or predefined roles for better control. Avoid using primitive or legacy roles such as editor, owner, viewer, and more.
• Make MFA mandatory to access all GCP resources.
• Use dedicated service accounts with specified roles rather than personal user accounts.
• Review and audit regularly to check and remove outdated permissions.

2. Guard the Network Gates:

• Implement restrictive VPC firewall rules to allow necessary traffic.
• Avoid letting private IPs access Google APIs and services.
• Get virtual private cloud (VPS) peering to secure communication between services across various projects.
• Avoid direct public IP exposure by configuring cloud NAT for secured outbound internet traffic.

3. Protect Data:

• Use CMEK and SSL/TLS to encrypt data when stored or at rest and transit.
• Set up automated backups with encrypted storage for databases, virtual machines and other critical resources.
• Use Google Cloud’s DLP API to scan and redact sensitive datasets.

4. Watch and Record Everything:

• Capture critical events by enabling logging across all services.
• Track all access to resources and modifications by enabling logging of all admin activity, data access, and system events.
• Set alerts in cloud monitoring for unauthorized access, spikes in resource usage, and other important events.
• Use Cloud logging to aggregate all logs for consistent monitoring and analysis.

5. Secure Everything:

• Protect applications from DDoS attacks through Cloud Armor. Also, implement security policies like IP filtering and custom rules.
• Get Cloud Armor’s web application firewall (WAF) to secure against SQL injection, cross-site scripting, and other common threats.
• Ensure users authenticate first and control access to applications running on GCP through Cloud-Identity-Aware Proxy (IAP).
• Get a centralized dashboard to detect risks, monitor vulnerabilities, and apply security best practices.
• Encrypt data while processing through Confidential VMs and Confidential GKE nodes.

6. Secure Applications and Compute Engine:

• For the Google Kubernetes engine, use private clusters, and enable RBAC. Restrict node-to-node communication with network policies. Scan container images for vulnerabilities before deployment.
• To secure the compute engine, disable SSH access, and use SSH keys. Get Shielded VMs to protect them from rootkits and boot-level malware. Use OS login to manage SSH access.
• Get a Google-managed SSL/TLS certificate to secure web traffic. Also, use authentication mechanisms like OAuth 2.0 to secure endpoints.

7. Prepare Incident Response:

• Use Cloud Logging to regularly review for any suspicious activities.
• Create a predefined incident management playbook to handle security breaches.
• Use Cloud Functions or Cloud Run to automate incident detection and response workflows.

8. Follow the Regulations:

• Set up organization policies to execute security controls across the entire platform, like disallowing access through public IPs.
• Use Google’s Security Health Analytics to regularly scan and report common vulnerabilities.
• Use DLP and Key management service to comply with GDPR, HIPAA, SOC1/2/3.
• Ensure third-party service providers’ security measures align with your organizational policies.

Following the best practices in this Google security checklist can help improve your organization’s security posture on the Google Cloud platform. However, implementing these can be challenging given the interconnectedness of the cloud environments, external threats, skills required, and more.

Challenges to Implementing GCP Cloud Security

Implementing a GCP cloud security checklist can be challenging. Handling the vast amount of data it generates, securing it as per regulations and industry standards, while also identifying threats in the data can be daunting. It requires a combination of in-depth cloud expertise, regular monitoring, and access to the right tools.

Listed below are some of the challenges of implementing a GCP security checklist:

1. Complex GCP Services

With the wide range of services and disconnected tools, such as Compute Engine, Kubernetes Engine, and BigQuery, that GSP offers, ensuring a uniform security configuration is an inherent challenge. Moreover, you might need a team with deep cloud security knowledge and expertise to avoid misconfiguring GCP security features like VPC Service Controls, IAM roles, and encryption management.

2. Precise IAM

IAM does allow for precise permission control, however, implementing the least privilege principle effectively is difficult. If there is any misconfiguration in assigning granular permissions or managing service accounts, it could cause security vulnerability. You want to avoid over-provisioning (granting excessive access) and under-provisioning (inhibiting required functions). Given the vast variety of roles, services, and permissions, constant vigilance is necessary.

3. Data Protection and Encryption

GCP provides default encryption for data in rest and in transit. You can opt for CMEK or Customer-supplied Encryption Keys (CSEK), but managing these requires a complex key rotation and access control process. Moreover, it is a significant addition to your operational overhead.

Additionally, identifying, classifying, and protecting sensitive data—often spread across numerous services—is a monumental task. Without a clear governance structure, sensitive data may inadvertently be exposed, leaving the organization vulnerable to breaches.

4. Log Management

When you enable detailed logging across all the services, the amount of fragmented data collected is overwhelming. Even with a sophisticated monitoring system, managing all the data, aggregating it to get meaningful insights, and identifying actual threats within the vast data of false positives can be drowning. On top of it, you also need to set up real-time alerts and respond quickly to potential threats. Too many logs across multiple GCP services can create blindspots in your organization’s security posture.

5. Cost, Resource, and Time Constraints

Several GCP features like Cloud Armor or Security Command Center are premium features. For smaller organizations, the expenses associated with these tools, coupled with the time and expertise needed to configure and manage them, can be prohibitive. Moreover, the continuous upkeep of security processes—patch management, vulnerability scanning, and encryption maintenance—demands resources that are often in short supply.

6. Network Security and Multi-Cloud Complexities

Managing security across hybrid or multi-cloud environments is a massive task. You need to configure firewall rules to secure communication between services, but securing resources across regions or cloud platforms is intricate. Misconfigurations in networking can expose services to the public internet unintentionally, while inter-region communication, often overlooked, can be equally vulnerable. Also, as you scale your operations, you need to ensure consistent network security across a diverse and distributed environment. Any mistake or oversight can have far-reaching consequences.

7. Human Error and Incident Response

Even with the most sophisticated security measures in place, human error remains an inescapable factor. Misconfigured policies, overlooked permissions, and incomplete firewall rules all provide openings for attackers. Automating security workflows and responding to incidents in real time requires a delicate balance. Moreover, short-lived instances can disappear before they can be properly analyzed during a forensic investigation. Incident response in the cloud, particularly in a dynamic environment like GCP, requires a well-practiced and automated approach to minimize the damage if something goes wrong.

Adopting a systematic approach in executing the least privilege in IAM, automating key processes, and regularly auditing permissions and configurations can help you overcome these challenges. Additionally, it is important that you invest in training and upskilling your team. Setting up standardized security policies across multi-cloud and hybrid environments for uniformity can help protect sensitive data.

SentinelOne and Google Cloud Security

It is difficult to address threats in Google Cloud due to fragmented data and disconnected tools. Your security team might have to rely on manual investigations with limited visibility, slowing down their response to threats.

SentinelOne’s AI-powered Singularity™ Platform approaches these challenges by offering enterprise-wide visibility and protection. It collects important data from sources like GCP Flow Logs, Mandiant threat intelligence, and other third-party systems. The platform consolidates all data into a unified lake, thereby allowing security teams to reduce risk and improve efficiency, especially within complex cloud environments like Google Cloud Platform (GCP).

Designed specifically for GCP and hybrid cloud environments, Singularity Cloud Workload Security provides real-time detection, response, and runtime protection for essential infrastructure like Google Compute Engine and Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). Its unique agent architecture allows for granular visibility, minimizing resource use without compromising on threat-hunting or response capabilities.

SentinelOne’s GCP integration goes a step further by enhancing proactive threat hunting. By ingesting GCP Audit Logs (such as Admin Activity and System Event logs) and processing Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) Flow Logs, the platform offers detailed monitoring of network traffic and faster incident response.

SentinelOne helps organizations to actively identify and mitigate risks within GCP by combining AI, unified data, and enhanced threat intelligence.

Conclusion

Although Google Cloud Platform is one of the most popular cloud service providers and owns about 12% of the market share, it relies on efficient collaboration with the user (you) to secure the cloud environment. GCP offers a plethora of tools and security features like IAM, CMEK, VPC, and more, which when implemented properly can reduce vulnerabilities and risks.

However, given the complex nature of the cloud and also your operations, it is important to have a standardized approach – a security checklist – that your security team can use for uniform security processes. The Google security checklist also ensures that you do not miss out on any critical step thereby strengthening your organization’s security posture.

Apart from the checklist, you can explore solutions like SentinelOne’s Cloud Workload Security and Singularity Platform to gain enterprise-level visibility, real-time detection, response, and runtime protection for your GCP environment.

Additionally, SentinelOne’s integration with GCP offers detailed monitoring of network traffic through GCP Flow Logs and faster incident response by enhancing threat detection and providing in-depth visibility into cloud activities.

Learn how you can take your cloud security to the next level with SentinelOne’s advanced solutions. Book your demo now!

FAQs

What is the role of GCP’s Shared Responsibility Model in securing cloud environments?

The Shared Responsibility Model in GCP means that Google Cloud secures the underlying infrastructure, while customers are responsible for securing their own data, applications, and configurations. This includes managing identity access, encrypting sensitive data, applying network security, and monitoring resources for vulnerabilities.

How can I ensure secure data storage and transit on GCP?

GCP encrypts data both at rest and in transit by default. To further enhance security, you can use Customer-Managed Encryption Keys (CMEK) to control encryption processes. It is important to regularly update keys, enable automated backups with encryption, and use SSL/TLS certificates for securing data in transit.

How can I automate incident detection and response on GCP?

You can automate incident detection and response using GCP tools like Cloud Logging, which monitors and records activity, and Cloud Security Command Center (SCC) for detecting vulnerabilities in real time. Additionally, you can use Cloud Functions or Cloud Run to automate responses to predefined incidents and threats.

What is the best way to prevent data breaches in a hybrid or multi-cloud environment?

Preventing breaches in a hybrid or multi-cloud environment involves setting consistent security policies across all platforms, configuring secure firewall rules, using VPC peering, and implementing encryption. Regularly monitor cloud communications and configure network segmentation to limit exposure. Integrating tools like SentinelOne for unified visibility and threat detection can also bolster security.