CVE-2025-9586: Comfast CF-N1 Firmware RCE Vulnerability

CVE-2025-9586 Overview

CVE-2025-9586 is a command injection vulnerability [CWE-74] in the Comfast CF-N1 wireless access point running firmware version 2.6.0. The flaw resides in the wireless_device_dissoc function within the /usr/bin/webmgnt binary. Attackers can manipulate the mac argument to inject arbitrary operating system commands. The vulnerability is exploitable over the network and requires low privileges. A public exploit description exists, increasing the likelihood of opportunistic abuse against exposed devices. The EPSS score sits at 8.319% (94.241 percentile), indicating elevated probability of exploitation activity relative to most CVEs.

Critical Impact
Remote authenticated attackers can inject arbitrary shell commands through the mac parameter handled by wireless_device_dissoc, leading to command execution on the device with the privileges of the webmgnt process.

Affected Products

Comfast CF-N1 hardware (version 2)
Comfast CF-N1 firmware 2.6.0
Web management binary /usr/bin/webmgnt

Discovery Timeline

2025-08-28 - CVE-2025-9586 published to NVD
2026-06-17 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-9586

Vulnerability Analysis

The Comfast CF-N1 web management daemon webmgnt exposes a wireless device disassociation routine named wireless_device_dissoc. This function accepts a mac argument supplied through the web interface and forwards the value into a shell command that performs the disassociation action against a client station. Because the firmware does not sanitize or validate the mac argument, an attacker can append shell metacharacters such as ;, &&, or backticks to break out of the intended command context. The injected payload executes within the privilege scope of the webmgnt process, which typically runs with elevated rights on embedded routers.

Root Cause

The root cause is improper neutralization of special elements used in a command [CWE-74]. The wireless_device_dissoc handler concatenates the user-controlled mac string into a system command without input validation or argument escaping. Embedded firmware of this class frequently invokes system() or popen() with formatted strings, which exposes any untrusted parameter as a shell injection sink.

Attack Vector

An attacker with network access to the device web management interface and low-privilege credentials can submit a crafted request that triggers wireless_device_dissoc with a malicious mac value. Successful exploitation yields command execution on the access point. Refer to the public technical write-up on GitHub and the VulDB entry #321699 for reproduction details.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-9586

Indicators of Compromise

HTTP requests to the Comfast CF-N1 web management interface containing shell metacharacters (;, |, &, `, $()) inside the mac parameter.
Unexpected child processes spawned by /usr/bin/webmgnt, such as sh, wget, curl, tftp, or nc.
Outbound connections from the access point to unknown infrastructure shortly after web management activity.

Detection Strategies

Inspect inbound HTTP traffic to CF-N1 management endpoints and alert on mac values that do not match a strict colon-separated hexadecimal pattern.
Capture firmware syslog output and flag entries where wireless_device_dissoc is invoked with non-MAC payloads.
Correlate authentication events against the device with subsequent administrative API calls to detect low-privilege abuse.

Monitoring Recommendations

Forward router logs to a centralized SIEM and create rules for command injection patterns in web parameters.
Monitor for new persistence artifacts on the device, including modifications under /etc/, /tmp/, and cron-equivalent directories.
Track DNS and egress traffic from the access point management VLAN for anomalies indicating post-exploitation staging.

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-9586

Immediate Actions Required

Restrict access to the CF-N1 web management interface to trusted administrative networks using firewall or ACL controls.
Rotate all administrative and low-privilege credentials configured on affected devices.
Audit recent disassociation activity and webmgnt process behavior for signs of prior exploitation.

Patch Information

No vendor advisory or patched firmware release has been published in the references available at the time of writing. Operators should consult Comfast support channels for firmware updates beyond 2.6.0 and monitor the VulDB tracking entry for status changes.

Workarounds

Disable remote administration on the WAN interface and limit management to a dedicated wired VLAN.
Place the device behind a reverse proxy or web application firewall that enforces strict regex validation on the mac parameter.
If the device is non-essential or end-of-life, replace it with hardware that receives active security maintenance.

bash

# Example firewall rule restricting CF-N1 management access to a trusted subnet
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -s 10.0.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -s 10.0.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j DROP