CVE-2025-7769: Tigo Energy CCA RCE Vulnerability

CVE-2025-7769 Overview

CVE-2025-7769 is a command injection vulnerability in Tigo Energy's Cloud Connect Advanced (CCA) device. The flaw exists in the /cgi-bin/mobile_api endpoint when the DEVICE_PING command is invoked. The endpoint improperly handles user-supplied input, allowing authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the underlying device. When combined with default credentials shipped on affected units, the vulnerability enables full remote code execution. Successful exploitation can lead to unauthorized access, service disruption, and exposure of sensitive solar monitoring and configuration data. The vulnerability is classified under [CWE-77] (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command).

Critical Impact
Authenticated attackers can execute arbitrary commands on Tigo Energy CCA devices through the DEVICE_PING parameter, with default credentials making exploitation trivial in unhardened deployments.

Affected Products

Tigo Energy Cloud Connect Advanced (CCA)
Deployments using default credentials
Industrial Control Systems referenced in CISA advisory ICSA-25-217-02

Discovery Timeline

2025-08-06 - CVE-2025-7769 published to the National Vulnerability Database
2026-04-15 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-7769

Vulnerability Analysis

The Tigo Energy CCA exposes a CGI-based management interface at /cgi-bin/mobile_api. This endpoint accepts a DEVICE_PING command intended to test network reachability of attached devices. The handler passes user-controlled input directly into an operating system shell invocation without sanitizing shell metacharacters. Attackers can append shell separators such as ;, &&, |, or backticks to the ping target and execute arbitrary commands in the context of the web server process. The CCA acts as a gateway for solar inverter monitoring, so compromise grants attackers a foothold into operational technology networks. The vulnerability ranks in the 96th percentile of the EPSS dataset, indicating elevated exploitation probability relative to other published CVEs.

Root Cause

The root cause is improper neutralization of special elements in a command string [CWE-77]. The mobile_api CGI handler concatenates the user-supplied ping argument into a shell command without validation, allowlisting, or use of a safe execution API. Any non-alphanumeric metacharacter is passed through to the shell interpreter.

Attack Vector

The attack vector is network-based and requires low privileges. An attacker authenticates to the CCA web interface, often using default credentials documented in vendor materials, then issues a crafted HTTP request to /cgi-bin/mobile_api containing a malicious DEVICE_PING payload. The injected commands execute with the privileges of the CGI process, typically allowing reading of configuration data, modification of device state, and pivoting into adjacent networks.

No verified proof-of-concept code is published in this advisory. Refer to the CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-217-02 for vendor-supplied technical details.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-7769

Indicators of Compromise

HTTP POST or GET requests to /cgi-bin/mobile_api containing shell metacharacters such as ;, |, &, or backticks in the DEVICE_PING parameter
Unexpected outbound network connections from CCA devices to attacker-controlled infrastructure
New or modified files in writable directories on the CCA filesystem following ping operations
Web server processes spawning shell utilities such as /bin/sh, wget, curl, or nc

Detection Strategies

Inspect web server and reverse proxy logs for requests to mobile_api that include URL-encoded shell metacharacters
Deploy network intrusion detection signatures that match DEVICE_PING payloads containing command separators
Correlate authentication events using default account names with subsequent mobile_api traffic
Baseline normal CCA outbound traffic and alert on deviations indicative of reverse shells or data exfiltration

Monitoring Recommendations

Forward CCA web access logs to a centralized SIEM for retention and correlation
Monitor for repeated failed authentication attempts preceding successful logins from external addresses
Track process execution on the device where supported, focusing on child processes of the CGI handler
Alert on configuration changes to the CCA outside of approved maintenance windows

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-7769

Immediate Actions Required

Replace all default credentials on Tigo Energy CCA devices with strong, unique passwords
Restrict network access to the CCA management interface using firewall rules or VLAN segmentation
Remove direct internet exposure of /cgi-bin/mobile_api and place the device behind a VPN or jump host
Review web server logs for prior exploitation attempts referencing DEVICE_PING

Patch Information

Tigo Energy has coordinated with CISA on remediation guidance documented in CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-217-02. Operators should apply the firmware updates and configuration changes referenced in that advisory and confirm the patched version after deployment.

Workarounds

Block external access to TCP ports serving the CCA web interface at the perimeter firewall
Disable or restrict the mobile_api endpoint through web server access control rules where supported
Place CCA devices on an isolated operational technology network with no direct path to the internet
Rotate device credentials and audit administrative accounts for unauthorized additions

bash

# Example iptables rule restricting CCA management access to a trusted subnet
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -s 10.10.20.0/24 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -s 10.10.20.0/24 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j DROP