CVE-2025-41404: Iroha Board Information Disclosure Flaw

CVE-2025-41404 Overview

CVE-2025-41404 is a forced browsing vulnerability affecting iroha Board versions v0.10.12 and earlier. The flaw allows authenticated attackers to access non-public content by directly requesting protected resource URLs. The vulnerability is categorized under [CWE-425: Direct Request ('Forced Browsing')].

Exploitation requires low-privileged authenticated access to the affected iroha Board instance. Once logged in, an attacker can bypass intended access controls by directly navigating to restricted URLs. The issue impacts confidentiality of course materials and other non-public content managed by the learning platform.

Critical Impact
Authenticated users can view non-public content by directly requesting restricted URLs, bypassing intended authorization controls in iroha Board.

Affected Products

irohasoft iroha Board v0.10.12
irohasoft iroha Board earlier than v0.10.12
All deployments exposing the affected web interface to authenticated users

Discovery Timeline

2025-06-26 - CVE-2025-41404 published to NVD
2026-06-17 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-41404

Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability stems from missing authorization checks on protected resources in iroha Board. The application relies on obscurity of resource URLs rather than enforcing server-side access control decisions. Any authenticated user who guesses, discovers, or infers a protected URL can retrieve its contents.

Forced browsing (also called direct request) occurs when an application fails to validate whether the requesting user has permission to access a specific resource. In iroha Board, content intended for restricted audiences remains accessible when the URL is requested directly. This behavior violates the principle of complete mediation.

Because iroha Board is a learning management system, the exposed content may include course materials, quiz answers, or administrative resources not meant for all authenticated users. The confidentiality impact is limited to content the application intends to restrict.

Root Cause

The root cause is inadequate authorization enforcement on individual resource endpoints. The application checks whether a session is authenticated but does not verify whether the authenticated principal is entitled to the specific resource being requested. This is a broken access control pattern common in web applications that rely on UI-level filtering rather than server-side authorization.

Attack Vector

An attacker first obtains valid credentials to the iroha Board instance, either as a legitimate user or through account creation if registration is open. The attacker then crafts direct HTTP requests to URLs corresponding to non-public content, such as sequentially numbered course or file identifiers. The server returns the content without verifying entitlement.

No special tooling is required beyond a standard web browser or HTTP client. Refer to the JVN #92520966 Advisory and Iroha Board Security Overview for vendor-supplied technical context.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-41404

Indicators of Compromise

Authenticated HTTP requests to resource URLs that do not match the user's normal navigation path from the application UI.
Sequential enumeration patterns against numeric resource identifiers (for example, incrementing course, lesson, or file IDs).
User accounts accessing an unusually large or diverse set of protected resources within a short time window.

Detection Strategies

Review web server and application logs for direct requests to protected endpoints without prior referrer activity from authorized pages.
Baseline per-user resource access patterns and alert on deviations, such as low-privilege accounts touching admin or instructor-only paths.
Correlate authentication events with subsequent resource requests to identify accounts probing beyond their assigned scope.

Monitoring Recommendations

Enable verbose access logging on the iroha Board web tier and forward logs to a centralized analytics platform.
Monitor for HTTP 200 responses on endpoints that should return 403 for the requesting user role.
Track spikes in unique resource identifiers requested per session as an enumeration indicator.

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-41404

Immediate Actions Required

Upgrade iroha Board to a version later than v0.10.12 as published on the Iroha Board Security Overview page.
Audit existing user accounts and disable dormant or unnecessary accounts to reduce the authenticated attack surface.
Review server logs for prior direct-request activity against restricted content and assess exposure.

Patch Information

The vendor irohasoft has published security guidance on the Iroha Board Security Overview page. Administrators should apply the fixed release referenced in that advisory and in the JVN #92520966 Advisory. Confirm the deployed version after upgrade using the application's about or admin interface.

Workarounds

Restrict access to the iroha Board application to trusted networks using a reverse proxy or firewall until patching is complete.
Disable open user registration to limit who can obtain the authenticated foothold required for exploitation.
Apply web application firewall rules that block enumeration patterns against numeric resource identifiers.

bash

# Example WAF rule concept to rate-limit sequential resource enumeration
# Adapt to your WAF syntax (ModSecurity, Nginx, cloud WAF)
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=iroha_res:10m rate=10r/m;
location /course/ {
    limit_req zone=iroha_res burst=5 nodelay;
    proxy_pass http://iroha_board_backend;
}