CVE-2025-41363: IDF/ZLF CORS Auth Bypass Vulnerability

CVE-2025-41363 Overview

CVE-2025-41363 is a Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) misconfiguration affecting ZIV IDF version v0.10.0-0C03-03 and ZLF version v0.10.0-0C03-04. The flaw is categorized under [CWE-942] (Permissive Cross-domain Policy with Untrusted Domains). An authenticated attacker holding only view permissions can execute specific commands that abuse the permissive CORS policy. Successful exploitation impacts the integrity and availability of the affected device configuration. The Spanish National Cybersecurity Institute (INCIBE) coordinated the disclosure of this issue alongside other vulnerabilities in ZIV industrial control equipment.

Critical Impact
Authenticated users with view-only permissions can leverage the permissive CORS configuration to trigger commands that alter integrity and availability on ZIV IDF and ZLF devices.

Affected Products

ZIV IDF v0.10.0-0C03-03
ZIV ZLF v0.10.0-0C03-04
Industrial control system deployments using the affected firmware

Discovery Timeline

2025-06-06 - CVE-2025-41363 published to the National Vulnerability Database (NVD)
2026-06-17 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-41363

Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability resides in the web interface exposed by ZIV IDF and ZLF firmware. The device sends CORS response headers that trust origins outside the intended administrative boundary. A browser controlled by an attacker can therefore issue authenticated cross-origin requests and read or trigger sensitive operations. The classification under [CWE-942] indicates the origin allow-list is too permissive rather than absent. Because exploitation requires only view-level authentication, insider misuse and credential-reuse scenarios expand the practical attack surface. The device exposes commands to view-permission accounts that should not carry state-changing side effects, compounding the misconfiguration.

Root Cause

The root cause is an incorrectly scoped Access-Control-Allow-Origin policy in the embedded HTTP server. The server reflects or wildcards origins while also honoring credentialed requests. This combination lets an attacker's origin read authenticated responses that should remain same-origin. Sensitive endpoints are further exposed to view-permission roles that lack proper command-level authorization checks.

Attack Vector

Exploitation requires network reachability to the device management interface and valid credentials at the view permission level. An attacker lures an authenticated operator to a malicious page in the same browser session. The malicious page issues cross-origin XHR or fetch requests that the device accepts because of the permissive CORS policy. The attacker then executes the commands available to view accounts to influence integrity and availability. See the INCIBE Security Notice on Vulnerabilities for coordinated advisory details.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-41363

Indicators of Compromise

Unexpected cross-origin HTTP requests to the ZIV device management interface originating from operator workstation browsers.
HTTP responses from the device containing Access-Control-Allow-Origin values that reflect arbitrary or external origins.
Command execution log entries generated by view-permission accounts outside of routine operational windows.

Detection Strategies

Inspect network traffic for Origin headers in requests to the device that do not match approved management workstations.
Correlate device audit logs with authentication events to flag view-permission accounts issuing state-affecting commands.
Baseline the device's HTTP response headers and alert when CORS headers deviate from the expected same-origin policy.

Monitoring Recommendations

Forward device syslog and web-server access logs to a centralized SIEM for cross-source correlation.
Monitor for browser-based request patterns such as preflight OPTIONS requests followed by credentialed POST calls from unusual referrers.
Alert on any successful authentication to IDF or ZLF interfaces from IP ranges outside the operational technology (OT) network segment.

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-41363

Immediate Actions Required

Restrict management interface access to a dedicated OT administration VLAN using firewall access control lists.
Enforce strict browser isolation for operator workstations that authenticate to ZIV IDF or ZLF devices.
Audit and reduce the number of accounts holding view permissions until vendor firmware updates are available.
Review and rotate credentials for any accounts that may have interacted with the affected devices.

Patch Information

Refer to the INCIBE Security Notice on Vulnerabilities for coordinated vendor guidance and fixed firmware releases. Apply any ZIV-provided firmware update that supersedes IDF v0.10.0-0C03-03 and ZLF v0.10.0-0C03-04 once available.

Workarounds

Deploy a reverse proxy in front of the device management interface that strips or rewrites CORS response headers to a strict allow-list.
Block cross-origin fetch and XHR calls at the network edge using web application firewall rules that inspect the Origin header.
Require multi-factor authentication and short session lifetimes for any account authorized to access the device web interface.

bash

# Example nginx reverse proxy hardening to enforce strict CORS
location / {
    proxy_pass https://ziv-device.internal;
    proxy_hide_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin;
    proxy_hide_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials;
    add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "https://ot-admin.example.local" always;
    add_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials "true" always;
    add_header Vary "Origin" always;
}