CVE-2025-41360: IDF and ZLF DoS Vulnerability

CVE-2025-41360 Overview

CVE-2025-41360 is an uncontrolled resource consumption vulnerability affecting ZIV's IDF v0.10.0-0C03-03 and ZLF v0.10.0-0C03-04 industrial control devices. The flaw allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to trigger a denial-of-service condition through packet flooding. The weakness maps to CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption. Spain's INCIBE-CERT disclosed the issue alongside other vulnerabilities affecting ZIV's IDF and ZLF product lines. Because these devices are typically deployed in industrial and electrical substation environments, availability loss can disrupt operational technology (OT) processes.

Critical Impact
Remote unauthenticated attackers can flood the device with packets, causing the IDF or ZLF unit to exhaust resources and stop responding, resulting in loss of availability for monitored industrial processes.

Affected Products

ZIV IDF v0.10.0-0C03-03
ZIV ZLF v0.10.0-0C03-04
Industrial control deployments using the affected firmware revisions

Discovery Timeline

2025-06-06 - CVE-2025-41360 published to NVD with INCIBE-CERT advisory
2026-04-15 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-41360

Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability resides in how the IDF and ZLF firmware handles incoming network packets. The device lacks effective rate limiting or resource throttling on its network-facing services. When an attacker transmits a sustained high volume of packets, the firmware consumes available memory, CPU, or socket resources without bounding the workload. This condition aligns with CWE-400, where the software fails to control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource. The attacker does not need credentials, user interaction, or local access. Exploitation requires only network reachability to the device, which is common in flat OT network segments. The result is degraded responsiveness or full unavailability of the device until the flood subsides or the unit is restarted.

Root Cause

The root cause is the absence of input rate enforcement and resource accounting in the device's network packet processing path. The firmware accepts and queues traffic faster than it can service, leading to exhaustion of finite resources. Industrial devices frequently lack the defensive packet-handling logic found in general-purpose operating systems.

Attack Vector

The attack vector is network-based and requires no authentication or user interaction. An attacker with logical reachability to the IDF or ZLF management or protocol interfaces can generate a flood of packets to trigger the denial-of-service state. Compromised hosts inside the OT or IT network are sufficient to launch the attack.

No verified public proof-of-concept code is available for CVE-2025-41360. Technical details are described in the INCIBE Security Notice.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-41360

Indicators of Compromise

Sudden loss of responsiveness or telemetry from IDF or ZLF devices on the OT network
Abnormally high inbound packet rates targeting industrial device IP addresses
SCADA or HMI polling timeouts coinciding with traffic spikes toward affected firmware versions
Repeated session resets or dropped connections from the affected device

Detection Strategies

Deploy passive OT network monitoring to baseline normal packet rates to ZIV IDF and ZLF devices and alert on deviations
Use industrial intrusion detection signatures that flag high-volume traffic floods directed at substation automation equipment
Correlate device unavailability events with upstream network telemetry to distinguish floods from hardware faults

Monitoring Recommendations

Monitor switch and firewall counters for traffic anomalies on segments containing IDF and ZLF devices
Forward device availability metrics and syslog into a centralized SIEM for cross-event correlation
Track ARP, ICMP, and protocol-specific packet rates on OT segments to detect early flood activity

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-41360

Immediate Actions Required

Inventory all ZIV IDF and ZLF devices and identify units running firmware v0.10.0-0C03-03 and v0.10.0-0C03-04
Restrict network reachability to affected devices using firewall rules and access control lists that permit only required engineering and SCADA hosts
Segment OT networks from IT and remote access paths to limit who can deliver packet floods to the devices
Contact ZIV support for a remediated firmware release and patching guidance

Patch Information

Refer to the INCIBE-CERT advisory on multiple vulnerabilities in ZIV's IDF and ZLF products for vendor remediation status. Apply the firmware updates provided by ZIV when available and validate device functionality in a staging environment before production rollout.

Workarounds

Enforce strict allow-listing at network firewalls so only authorized management stations can reach the device
Apply rate limiting and storm control on switches connected to IDF and ZLF devices to absorb packet floods upstream
Place affected devices behind an industrial DMZ or unidirectional gateway where the OT architecture allows
Disable unused network services on the device to reduce the exposed attack surface

bash

# Example firewall allow-listing for affected ZIV devices (adjust to your environment)
# Permit only authorized SCADA host to reach the device, drop everything else
iptables -A FORWARD -s 10.10.20.5 -d 10.20.30.10 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A FORWARD -d 10.20.30.10 -j DROP

# Apply ingress rate limiting on the upstream switch port
# (vendor syntax varies — example shown in generic form)
interface GigabitEthernet0/5
 storm-control broadcast level 1.00
 storm-control multicast level 1.00
 storm-control action shutdown