CVE-2025-41275 Overview
CVE-2025-41275 is an OS command injection vulnerability [CWE-78] affecting the Console WebUI of Waterfall WF-500 TX and RX Hosts running firmware version 7.9.1.0 R2502171040. The flaw allows remote unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the device. Nozomi Networks Labs identified and disclosed the vulnerability through coordinated disclosure with Waterfall Security.
The WF-500 is a unidirectional security gateway deployed in operational technology (OT) and industrial control system (ICS) environments to enforce one-way data flow between networks. Successful exploitation grants attackers full control over the gateway host with no authentication required.
Critical Impact
Unauthenticated remote attackers can execute arbitrary OS commands on Waterfall WF-500 TX and RX hosts, compromising the integrity of unidirectional gateway segmentation in OT environments.
Affected Products
- Waterfall WF-500 TX Host firmware version 7.9.1.0 R2502171040
- Waterfall WF-500 RX Host firmware version 7.9.1.0 R2502171040
- Waterfall WF-500 hardware appliance
Discovery Timeline
- 2026-05-29 - CVE-2025-41275 published to the National Vulnerability Database (NVD)
- 2026-06-01 - Last updated in the NVD database
Technical Details for CVE-2025-41275
Vulnerability Analysis
The vulnerability resides in the Console WebUI component of the WF-500 firmware. User-supplied input is passed to an underlying operating system command interpreter without proper neutralization of shell metacharacters. An attacker who can reach the Console WebUI over the network can inject arbitrary shell commands that execute in the context of the WebUI process.
The attack requires no authentication, no user interaction, and low attack complexity. Because Waterfall WF-500 appliances enforce data diode separation between trusted and untrusted network segments, command execution on the gateway can undermine the segmentation guarantee that the product is deployed to provide.
Root Cause
The root cause is improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command [CWE-78]. The Console WebUI concatenates attacker-controlled input into a string that is subsequently passed to an OS shell or command-executing API. Shell metacharacters such as ;, &, |, backticks, and $() are not stripped, escaped, or validated against an allow-list before execution.
Attack Vector
The attack vector is network-based against the Console WebUI listener of an exposed WF-500 management interface. An attacker sends a crafted HTTP request containing shell metacharacters in a parameter that the WebUI passes to the underlying operating system. The injected commands execute with the privileges of the WebUI service. Technical details and proof-of-concept information are referenced in the Nozomi Networks Vulnerability Advisory.
Detection Methods for CVE-2025-41275
Indicators of Compromise
- Unexpected HTTP requests to the WF-500 Console WebUI containing shell metacharacters such as ;, |, &&, backticks, or $(...) in query parameters or POST bodies.
- New or unexpected child processes spawned by the WebUI service on the WF-500 TX or RX host.
- Outbound network connections originating from the WF-500 management interface to unknown destinations.
- Unauthorized modifications to system configuration, scheduled tasks, or persistence files on the appliance.
Detection Strategies
- Inspect web server access logs on the WF-500 Console WebUI for requests containing URL-encoded shell metacharacters or unusually long parameter values.
- Capture and analyze network traffic to the WF-500 management interface using a network detection sensor positioned on the management VLAN.
- Compare appliance configuration and running-process state against a known-good baseline after each maintenance window.
Monitoring Recommendations
- Forward Console WebUI access and authentication logs to a centralized SIEM for retention and correlation.
- Alert on any successful HTTP 200 responses to requests containing command-injection patterns targeting WF-500 endpoints.
- Monitor egress from the WF-500 management interface and alert on any outbound traffic that deviates from documented administrative flows.
How to Mitigate CVE-2025-41275
Immediate Actions Required
- Restrict network access to the WF-500 Console WebUI to a dedicated management network and a small set of authorized administrator workstations.
- Block all internet-facing exposure of the Console WebUI at the perimeter firewall.
- Contact Waterfall Security support to confirm patch availability and obtain remediation guidance for firmware version 7.9.1.0 R2502171040.
- Review WebUI access logs for evidence of exploitation attempts prior to applying mitigations.
Patch Information
Refer to the Nozomi Networks Vulnerability Advisory and contact Waterfall Security directly for the fixed firmware release that addresses CVE-2025-41275. At the time of publication, no public patch identifier is listed in the NVD entry.
Workarounds
- Place the WF-500 management interface on an isolated, out-of-band management network reachable only through a jump host.
- Enforce strict firewall ACLs that permit Console WebUI access only from named administrator source IPs.
- Disable the Console WebUI when active administration is not in progress, where the operational model permits.
- Require VPN and multi-factor authentication on the administrator jump host used to reach the WF-500 management interface.
Disclaimer: This content was generated using AI. While we strive for accuracy, please verify critical information with official sources.
