CVE-2025-40728: Customer Support System SQLi Vulnerability

CVE-2025-40728 Overview

CVE-2025-40728 is a SQL injection vulnerability [CWE-89] in Oretnom23 Customer Support System version 1.0. The flaw exists in the id parameter of the /customer_support/manage_user.php endpoint. An authenticated attacker can inject arbitrary SQL statements to retrieve, create, update, and delete database records.

The vulnerability was published to the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) on June 16, 2025. INCIBE issued a security notice covering multiple vulnerabilities in the same product. No public proof-of-concept exploit or vendor patch is currently listed.

Critical Impact
Authenticated attackers can compromise database confidentiality, integrity, and availability by injecting SQL through the id parameter in manage_user.php.

Affected Products

Oretnom23 Customer Support System 1.0
CPE: cpe:2.3:a:oretnom23:customer_support_system:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Endpoint: /customer_support/manage_user.php

Discovery Timeline

2025-06-16 - CVE-2025-40728 published to NVD
2026-06-17 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-40728

Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability resides in the manage_user.php script within the /customer_support/ application path. The script accepts an id parameter through HTTP requests and passes it into a SQL query without adequate sanitization or parameterization. This allows attackers to break out of the intended query context and append arbitrary SQL clauses.

Exploitation requires authentication, meaning the attacker must possess valid user credentials or hijack a valid session. Once authenticated, the attacker can issue crafted requests to read database contents, insert new records, modify existing rows, or delete data. This directly impacts the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the underlying database.

Because manage_user.php typically operates on user management logic, successful exploitation may expose credential hashes, personally identifiable information, and support ticket history. Attackers can also escalate privileges by inserting or modifying administrative accounts.

Root Cause

The root cause is improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command [CWE-89]. The application concatenates the id parameter directly into a SQL statement rather than binding it as a parameter through prepared statements.

Attack Vector

The attack is delivered over the network against the web application. The attacker sends HTTP requests to /customer_support/manage_user.php with a malicious id value. Payloads commonly use UNION-based, error-based, or boolean-based blind injection techniques to extract data. Refer to the INCIBE Security Notice for additional context on the disclosed vulnerabilities.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-40728

Indicators of Compromise

HTTP requests to /customer_support/manage_user.php containing SQL metacharacters such as ', ", --, ;, UNION, or SELECT in the id parameter.
Web server or application logs showing SQL syntax errors or unusually long id values.
Unexpected creation, modification, or deletion of user records in the Customer Support System database.
Anomalous outbound database queries originating from the web application service account.

Detection Strategies

Deploy web application firewall (WAF) signatures that detect SQL injection patterns targeting the id parameter in manage_user.php.
Enable database query logging and alert on statements referencing information_schema, LOAD_FILE, or stacked queries from the application account.
Correlate authenticated session activity with volume and pattern anomalies in requests to user management endpoints.

Monitoring Recommendations

Monitor authentication logs for accounts issuing repeated requests to manage_user.php in short intervals.
Track database schema changes and privileged user table modifications for unauthorized additions.
Baseline normal request patterns to /customer_support/ and alert on deviations in parameter length or character composition.

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-40728

Immediate Actions Required

Restrict network exposure of the Customer Support System to trusted networks or place it behind a VPN.
Deploy WAF rules to block SQL injection patterns targeting the id parameter in manage_user.php.
Rotate credentials for all Customer Support System users and audit the database for unauthorized accounts.
Review web and database logs for prior exploitation attempts against manage_user.php.

Patch Information

No vendor patch is listed in the enriched CVE data for Oretnom23 Customer Support System 1.0. Monitor the INCIBE Security Notice and the vendor's distribution channel for updates. If no fix becomes available, consider migrating to a supported customer support platform.

Workarounds

Apply input validation at the reverse proxy layer to reject non-numeric values for the id parameter.
Enforce least-privilege database permissions so the application account cannot perform DDL or delete operations.
Disable or restrict access to /customer_support/manage_user.php for non-administrative accounts until a patch is available.

bash

# Example WAF rule (ModSecurity) to block SQL metacharacters in the id parameter
SecRule ARGS:id "@rx [\'\"\;\-\-]|(?i)(union|select|insert|update|delete|drop)" \
    "id:1004072801,\
    phase:2,\
    deny,\
    status:403,\
    msg:'CVE-2025-40728 SQLi attempt against manage_user.php',\
    logdata:'id=%{MATCHED_VAR}'"