CVE-2025-31328: SAP Learning Solution CSRF Vulnerability

CVE-2025-31328 Overview

CVE-2025-31328 is a Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability [CWE-352] affecting SAP Learning Solution. An attacker can trick an authenticated user into submitting unintended requests to the server. The root issue is a GET-based OData function that is named in a way that violates the expected behaviour for a GET operation, allowing state-changing actions to be triggered through simple links or embedded resources.

Successful exploitation impacts both the confidentiality and integrity of the application. Availability is not affected. SAP disclosed and patched the flaw on its April 2025 Security Patch Day.

Critical Impact
Authenticated SAP Learning Solution users can be coerced into executing unintended OData operations, resulting in unauthorized data reads or modifications on their behalf.

Affected Products

SAP Learning Solution (as identified in SAP Note #3446649)
SAP NetWeaver-based deployments exposing the affected OData service
Environments where authenticated SAP users browse untrusted web content

Discovery Timeline

2025-04-22 - CVE-2025-31328 published to the National Vulnerability Database (NVD)
2026-06-17 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-31328

Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability resides in an OData function exposed by SAP Learning Solution over HTTP GET. GET requests are, by web convention, safe and idempotent. Browsers, proxies, and prefetchers assume they carry no side effects and do not require CSRF protection tokens.

The affected OData function violates this assumption. It performs state-changing or sensitive operations while being reachable through a simple GET request. Because SAP session cookies are automatically attached by the browser, any authenticated victim who loads an attacker-controlled page can trigger the request without their knowledge or consent.

The issue impacts confidentiality and integrity because attacker-selected parameters flow into server-side logic under the victim's identity. Availability is not affected, and the attacker never handles the victim's credentials directly.

Root Cause

The root cause is a design violation of HTTP method semantics combined with missing CSRF protection [CWE-352]. SAP's standard defense pattern requires the x-csrf-token header for state-changing OData calls, which is unreachable through cross-origin GET requests. Naming and exposing the operation as GET removed that protection surface.

Attack Vector

Exploitation requires an authenticated SAP Learning Solution session and user interaction. An attacker hosts a malicious page, phishing email, or third-party site containing an embedded resource, such as an <img> tag, <iframe>, or auto-submitted link, that points to the vulnerable OData endpoint. When the victim visits the content while logged in, the browser issues the request with valid session cookies. The server processes the action as if the user initiated it. No credentials leave the victim's browser, which makes the activity blend in with normal user behavior.

No verified public exploit or proof-of-concept code is available. The vulnerability mechanism is described in prose per SAP Note #3446649.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-31328

Indicators of Compromise

Unusual HTTP GET requests to SAP Learning Solution OData endpoints originating with Referer headers pointing to non-SAP domains
Bursts of identical OData GET calls from a single authenticated session within short time windows
OData function invocations occurring outside normal user workflow paths in SAP audit logs

Detection Strategies

Enable and review the SAP Gateway statistics and OData request logs for the affected function name identified in SAP Note #3446649
Correlate SAP Security Audit Log entries with web proxy logs to identify requests triggered from external referrers
Flag any state-changing OData operations executed via GET as anomalous, regardless of user role

Monitoring Recommendations

Ingest SAP NetWeaver access logs and Security Audit Log data into a centralized SIEM for cross-source correlation
Alert on OData calls that lack an x-csrf-token header where one would normally be expected
Track per-user request rates on Learning Solution endpoints to surface automated cross-site triggering

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-31328

Immediate Actions Required

Apply the SAP-provided patch referenced in SAP Note #3446649 to all SAP Learning Solution instances
Review the SAP Security Patch Day Announcement to confirm the full list of related notes
Audit recent OData request logs for evidence of unauthorized invocations of the affected function

Patch Information

SAP addressed CVE-2025-31328 on its April 2025 Security Patch Day. Customers must download and apply the correction from SAP Note #3446649 to the affected SAP Learning Solution component. The patch adjusts the OData function so that state-changing behavior is no longer exposed through an unprotected GET method and enforces CSRF token validation on the operation.

Workarounds

Restrict access to the SAP Learning Solution application to trusted network segments where feasible
Enforce strict SameSite=Strict or SameSite=Lax attributes on SAP session cookies at the reverse proxy tier
Instruct users to log out of SAP sessions before browsing untrusted content, and use dedicated browser profiles for SAP access

bash

# Configuration example: enforce SameSite on SAP session cookies via reverse proxy
# Example for NGINX in front of an SAP NetWeaver frontend
proxy_cookie_path / "/; HTTPOnly; Secure; SameSite=Strict";