CVE-2025-2392: Online Class Scheduling System SQLi Flaw

CVE-2025-2392 Overview

CVE-2025-2392 is a SQL injection vulnerability in code-projects Online Class and Exam Scheduling System 1.0 [CWE-89]. The flaw resides in the /pages/activate.php script, where the id parameter is passed directly to a database query without sanitization. Attackers can manipulate the id argument to inject arbitrary SQL statements. The vulnerability is remotely exploitable and the exploit details have been publicly disclosed. The issue is tracked under VulDB entry #299891 and also references the broader input neutralization weakness class [CWE-74].

Critical Impact
Remote attackers can inject arbitrary SQL through the id parameter of /pages/activate.php, potentially exposing or modifying database contents in the affected web application.

Affected Products

Fabian Online Class and Exam Scheduling System 1.0
CPE: cpe:2.3:a:fabian:online_class_and_exam_scheduling_system:1.0
Component: fabian:online_class_and_exam_scheduling_system

Discovery Timeline

2025-03-17 - CVE-2025-2392 published to NVD
2025-10-23 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-2392

Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability exists in the /pages/activate.php endpoint of the Online Class and Exam Scheduling System. The script accepts an id HTTP parameter and concatenates it directly into a SQL statement. Because the value is not parameterized or escaped, attackers can break out of the intended query context. This allows execution of attacker-controlled SQL against the backend database. Successful exploitation can disclose user records, alter activation states, or pivot deeper into the application's data store.

Root Cause

The root cause is improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command [CWE-89]. The activate.php handler treats the id request parameter as trusted input and embeds it into a query string without using prepared statements or input validation. This is a textbook instance of the broader injection class [CWE-74], where untrusted data flows into a downstream interpreter.

Attack Vector

The attack vector is network-based and requires no user interaction, though the CVSS v4.0 vector indicates high privileges are required to reach the endpoint. An authenticated attacker sends a crafted HTTP request such as GET /pages/activate.php?id=1' UNION SELECT ...-- to the vulnerable application. Public disclosure of the exploit increases the likelihood of opportunistic attacks against exposed instances. See the GitHub SQL Injection Documentation and VulDB #299891 for the published technical details.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-2392

Indicators of Compromise

HTTP requests to /pages/activate.php containing SQL meta-characters such as single quotes, UNION, SELECT, --, or /* in the id parameter.
Database error messages or HTTP 500 responses originating from activate.php access logs.
Unexpected modifications to user activation status or account records in the application database.
Outbound database connections or large result sets correlated with requests to the vulnerable endpoint.

Detection Strategies

Inspect web server access logs for non-numeric values supplied to the id parameter of activate.php.
Deploy web application firewall (WAF) rules to flag SQL injection payload patterns targeting the affected URL.
Enable database query auditing to detect anomalous statements originating from the application's database user.
Correlate authentication events with subsequent abnormal queries to identify abuse of authenticated sessions.

Monitoring Recommendations

Continuously monitor HTTP traffic to /pages/activate.php for tautology-based and union-based injection patterns.
Alert on repeated database errors generated by the application's PHP front end.
Track outbound data volumes from the database server to detect bulk extraction attempts.
Review privileged account activity within the application to identify abuse of the high-privilege requirement noted in the CVSS vector.

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-2392

Immediate Actions Required

Restrict network access to the Online Class and Exam Scheduling System until a fix is applied, especially the /pages/activate.php endpoint.
Audit application accounts and revoke unnecessary privileged credentials that could reach the vulnerable route.
Deploy WAF signatures that block SQL injection patterns against the id parameter.
Review database logs for prior evidence of injection attempts referencing activate.php.

Patch Information

No official vendor patch is listed in the NVD entry or referenced advisories at this time. Operators should monitor the Code Projects site and VulDB CTI #299891 for updated remediation guidance. Until a fix is published, apply the workarounds below and restrict exposure of the application.

Workarounds

Modify activate.php to use parameterized queries or prepared statements via PDO or mysqli with bound parameters.
Enforce strict server-side input validation on the id parameter, accepting only expected integer values.
Apply least-privilege principles to the database account used by the application, removing schema modification and administrative rights.
Place the application behind an authenticated reverse proxy or VPN to reduce the exposed attack surface.

bash

# Example PHP fix using PDO prepared statements in activate.php
$stmt = $pdo->prepare('UPDATE users SET active = 1 WHERE id = :id');
$stmt->bindValue(':id', (int) $_GET['id'], PDO::PARAM_INT);
$stmt->execute();