CVE-2025-11409: Campcodes Voting System SQLi Vulnerability

CVE-2025-11409 Overview

CVE-2025-11409 is a SQL injection vulnerability in Campcodes Advanced Online Voting Management System 1.0. The flaw resides in an unspecified function within /index.php and is triggered through manipulation of the voter parameter. Remote attackers can exploit the issue over the network with low privileges and no user interaction. The exploit has been publicly disclosed, increasing the likelihood of opportunistic abuse against exposed instances. The vulnerability is categorized under [CWE-74] Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component (Injection).

Critical Impact
Authenticated remote attackers can inject arbitrary SQL through the voter parameter in /index.php, enabling unauthorized read or modification of voting records stored in the application database.

Affected Products

Campcodes Advanced Online Voting Management System 1.0
CPE: cpe:2.3:a:campcodes:advanced_online_voting_system:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Deployments exposing /index.php to untrusted networks

Discovery Timeline

2025-10-07 - CVE-2025-11409 published to NVD
2026-06-17 - Last updated in NVD database

Technical Details for CVE-2025-11409

Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability is a classic SQL injection in the voter request parameter handled by /index.php. The application concatenates the supplied value into a SQL statement without parameterized queries or input sanitization. An attacker submitting crafted input alters query semantics, returning data beyond the intended scope or modifying database state. According to vendor and VulDB references, the exploit code is publicly available, which lowers the barrier for opportunistic attackers scanning for vulnerable Campcodes deployments.

Root Cause

The root cause is improper neutralization of user-supplied input [CWE-74] before it is passed into a database query. The voter parameter accepts attacker-controlled content that is interpolated directly into the SQL string, breaking the boundary between code and data. Standard mitigations such as prepared statements, bound parameters, or strict allowlist validation are absent in the affected code path.

Attack Vector

Exploitation is remote and requires only low-privileged access to the voting application. An attacker issues an HTTP request to /index.php with a malicious voter value, such as a UNION-based or boolean-based payload. The injected SQL executes within the database context used by the web application, exposing voter records, credentials, and ballot data. No user interaction is required, and the attack surface is reachable wherever the application is published.

No verified proof-of-concept code is reproduced here. Refer to the GitHub Issue Discussion and VulDB #327346 for the public technical write-up.

Detection Methods for CVE-2025-11409

Indicators of Compromise

HTTP requests to /index.php containing SQL meta-characters such as ', ", --, UNION, SELECT, or SLEEP( in the voter parameter.
Web server logs showing repeated voter= requests from a single source with varying payload lengths consistent with automated injection tooling.
Database error messages returned in HTTP responses or written to application logs after requests to /index.php.
Unexpected database read volume or new administrative accounts created through the voting application database user.

Detection Strategies

Deploy web application firewall signatures that detect SQL injection patterns targeting the voter parameter on /index.php.
Enable database query auditing and alert on anomalous query structures originating from the voting application service account.
Correlate web access logs with database logs to identify request-to-query chains involving suspicious voter values.
Monitor for tool fingerprints associated with sqlmap and similar utilities in User-Agent headers and request timing.

Monitoring Recommendations

Forward web server, application, and database logs to a centralized analytics platform for retrospective hunting.
Track baseline request rates to /index.php and alert on spikes that may indicate enumeration or extraction activity.
Review failed login and voter lookup events for clustering by source IP, parameter length, or response size.

How to Mitigate CVE-2025-11409

Immediate Actions Required

Restrict network access to the voting application using firewall rules, VPN, or IP allowlists until a vendor patch is applied.
Place the application behind a web application firewall with SQL injection rules tuned for the voter parameter.
Rotate database credentials used by the application and audit accounts for unauthorized changes.
Review historical web logs for prior exploitation against /index.php and preserve evidence for incident response.

Patch Information

No official vendor advisory or patch has been published in the references at the time of NVD entry. Monitor the CampCodes website and the VulDB CTI entry for vendor updates. Until a fixed release is available, operators should treat the application as untrusted and apply compensating controls.

Workarounds

Refactor the affected query in /index.php to use parameterized statements (e.g., PDO with bound parameters or mysqli_prepare) where source modification is permitted.
Apply server-side input validation that restricts voter to expected character classes such as numeric identifiers.
Disable verbose database error reporting in production to reduce information leakage that aids exploitation.
Take the application offline if it processes live election data and a managed patching window is not available.

bash

# Example WAF rule (ModSecurity) to block SQLi patterns in the voter parameter
SecRule ARGS:voter "@rx (?i)(\bunion\b.*\bselect\b|--|;|\bsleep\(|\bor\b\s+\d+=\d+)" \
    "id:1011409,phase:2,deny,status:403,log,msg:'CVE-2025-11409 SQLi attempt on voter parameter'"