CVE-2025-10325 Overview
CVE-2025-10325 is a command injection vulnerability in the Wavlink WL-WN578W2 wireless access point running firmware version 221110. The flaw resides in the sub_401340 and sub_401BA4 functions within the /cgi-bin/login.cgi binary. Attackers can manipulate the ipaddr parameter to inject arbitrary operating system commands. The attack is exploitable remotely over the network and requires low-level privileges. The exploit details are publicly available through a GitHub repository, increasing the likelihood of opportunistic abuse. The vendor was contacted before disclosure but did not respond, leaving the issue unpatched at the time of publication.
Critical Impact
Authenticated remote attackers can execute arbitrary commands on affected Wavlink WL-WN578W2 devices by supplying a crafted ipaddr argument to /cgi-bin/login.cgi.
Affected Products
- Wavlink WL-WN578W2 (hardware)
- Wavlink WL-WN578W2 firmware version M78W2_V221110
- CGI handler /cgi-bin/login.cgi containing functions sub_401340 and sub_401BA4
Discovery Timeline
- 2025-09-12 - CVE-2025-10325 published to NVD
- 2026-06-17 - Last updated in NVD database
Technical Details for CVE-2025-10325
Vulnerability Analysis
The vulnerability is a command injection flaw [CWE-77] and improper neutralization of special elements [CWE-74] within the device's web management interface. The /cgi-bin/login.cgi binary exposes two handler functions, sub_401340 and sub_401BA4, that process the ipaddr parameter without proper input sanitization. When the parameter value is passed into a downstream shell execution call, embedded shell metacharacters break out of the intended command context. Attackers leverage this to append arbitrary commands that run with the privileges of the CGI process, typically root on consumer wireless access points.
The EPSS probability of 6.789% places this issue in the 93rd percentile for exploitation likelihood, reflecting the publicly available proof of concept.
Root Cause
The root cause is insufficient validation of the ipaddr argument inside the login.cgi handlers. The binary concatenates the attacker-supplied string directly into a system command without filtering shell metacharacters such as ;, |, &, or backticks. This anti-pattern is common in embedded Linux CGI binaries where developers rely on system() or popen() to invoke utilities like ping or ifconfig.
Attack Vector
An attacker reaches the vulnerable endpoint over the network by sending an HTTP request to /cgi-bin/login.cgi with a crafted ipaddr parameter. Low-privilege credentials are required, which on consumer devices often equate to default or weak operator accounts. Successful exploitation yields arbitrary command execution on the underlying embedded Linux system, enabling persistence, traffic interception, or pivoting into adjacent network segments.
No verified exploit code is reproduced here. Technical write-ups are referenced in the GitHub Repository Readme and VulDB entry #323751.
Detection Methods for CVE-2025-10325
Indicators of Compromise
- HTTP POST or GET requests to /cgi-bin/login.cgi containing shell metacharacters (;, |, &, $(), backticks) in the ipaddr parameter.
- Unexpected outbound connections originating from the Wavlink device to attacker-controlled infrastructure.
- New or modified files in the device's writable partitions, including added cron entries or startup scripts.
Detection Strategies
- Inspect web server and reverse proxy logs for login.cgi requests with non-IP-formatted ipaddr values.
- Apply network intrusion detection signatures that match command injection patterns targeting CGI endpoints.
- Monitor wireless infrastructure for anomalous process executions such as wget, curl, nc, or sh spawned from CGI parents.
Monitoring Recommendations
- Centralize syslog and HTTP access logs from edge devices into a SIEM for correlation.
- Baseline normal administrative traffic to Wavlink management interfaces and alert on deviations.
- Track DNS queries from device management VLANs to identify command-and-control beaconing.
How to Mitigate CVE-2025-10325
Immediate Actions Required
- Restrict access to the device's web management interface to trusted management VLANs only.
- Rotate all administrative credentials and disable any default or shared accounts on the device.
- Place affected Wavlink WL-WN578W2 units behind a firewall that blocks inbound HTTP/HTTPS from untrusted networks.
Patch Information
No vendor patch is available. Wavlink did not respond to the coordinated disclosure attempt referenced in the VulDB advisory. Operators should consider the device end-of-support for security purposes and plan replacement with a vendor-supported wireless access point.
Workarounds
- Disable remote administration features and limit the management interface to wired LAN access.
- Segment the device into an isolated VLAN with strict egress filtering to prevent post-exploitation pivoting.
- Decommission affected units in favor of access points that receive timely vendor security updates.
Disclaimer: This content was generated using AI. While we strive for accuracy, please verify critical information with official sources.
